Typhoon Forrest (1983)

Typhoon Forrest, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ising, was the third-most intense typhoon on record, behind Typhoon Tip of 1979 and Typhoon June of 1975. Forrest was also the fastest-intensifying tropical cyclone on record, with its minimum barometric pressure dropping from 976 millibars to 876 millibars—a drop of 100 millibars—from September 22 to September 23, in less than a day. Forrest affected Japan in September 1983 and formed from a tropical disturbance far from land in the western Pacific Ocean. On September 20, the system was classified as a tropical storm, and thereafter began to intensify. The next day, Forrest reached typhoon status, and the intensification process accelerated. The storm prudently strengthened on September 22, and the following morning, attained peak intensity following a pressure drop of 100 mbar (3.0 inHg) in slightly less than 24 hours. Thereafter, Forrest began to weaken slowly as it moved northwest. Approaching Japan, Super Typhoon Forrest first hit Okinawa on September 27. Nearby, a tornado hit Inza Island, destroying 26 homes and injuring 26 people. Forrest then moved north, impaling the Japanese archipelago before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 28, before eventually dissipating on October 4. The torrential rainfall caused by the typhoon triggered deadly landslides and flooding across Japan. In all, the typhoon killed at least 21 people, left 17 listed as missing, and injured 86. Forrest flooded 46,000 homes in muddy water, over 100 dwellings were destroyed, and 2,560 people were rendered as homeless. Seven flights were called off and 27,000 people were stranded. In addition, 67 bridges and 818 roads were damaged.

Super Typhoon Forrest (Ising)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Super Typhoon Forrest near peak intensity
FormedSeptember 19, 1983
DissipatedOctober 4, 1983
(Extratropical after September 28, 1983)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 280 km/h (175 mph)
Lowest pressure876 hPa (mbar); 25.87 inHg
(Estimated at 885 mbar by the JMA)
Fatalities21 direct, 17 missing
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedGuam, Taiwan, East China, South Korea, Japan, Alaska
Part of the 1983 Pacific typhoon season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Typhoon Forrest originated from an area of disturbed weather that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) around 555 km (345 mi) west of Pohnpei in mid-September. Initially, the system was not well-organized; however, it had a sufficient amount of convection. Hurricane Hunters investigated the system four times from September 17–20, though none of them were able to identify a closed atmospheric circulation. Despite this, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued on September 18. This alert was issued again on September 19;[1] meanwhile, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor the system. By early on September 20, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm as it moved west-northwest.[2][nb 1] During the evening hours of September 20, the JTWC started issuing warnings on the system after the low developed a central dense overcast. At this time, the storm was located about 330 km (205 mi) south of Guam. Initially, only gradually strengthening was expected by the JTWC, but this did not occur and by the morning hours of September 21, Hurricane Hunters measured winds of 95 to 115 km/h (60 to 70 mph). Based on this, the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm and named it Forrest.[1] Around this time, JMA upgraded Forrest into a severe tropical storm.[2]

By 1800 UTC that day, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Forrest to typhoon status as the storm developed an eye.[1][2] After moving away from Guam, Forrest continued deepening;[2] by the evening hours of September 21, Hurricane Hunter data indicated a minimum barometric pressure of 976 mbar (28.8 inHg). Eleven hours later, however, the aircraft reported a pressure of 883 mbar (26.1 inHg); according to the JTWC, this marked a pressure drop of 92 mbar (2.7 inHg) in a little under a day. At midday on September 22, the JTWC assessed the intensity of the storm at 280 km/h (175 mph), equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,[1] and placed the storm's barometric pressure at 876 mbar (25.9 inHg),[4] which marked the fastest pressure drop ever recorded by a tropical cyclone—100 mb (3.0 inHg) in just under 24 hours.[5] By this time, the temperature within the eye had reached 27 °C (80 °F).[4] Despite this, the JMA estimated that Forrest had 10-minute sustained winds of only 85 mph (135 km/h). Several hours later, the agency still estimated winds of 135 km/h (85 mph). After a brief turn towards the west-northwest, the JMA reported that Forrest attained its peak intensity at 0000 UTC on September 23, with winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 885 mbar (26.1 inHg).[2]

Most intense Pacific typhoons
Typhoon Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Tip 1979 870 25.7
2 June 1975 875 25.8
Nora 1973
4 Forrest 1983 876[5] 25.9
5 Ida 1958 877 25.9
6 Kit 1966 880 26.0
Rita 1978
Vanessa 1984
9 Irma 1971 884 26.1
10 Nina 1953 885 26.1
Joan 1959
Megi 2010
Source:JMA Typhoon Best Track Analysis
Information for the North Western Pacific Ocean.[6]

After attaining peak intensity, the storm weakened slightly on September 24 according to the JMA, though the storm briefly restrengthened to its peak wind speed at noon on September 25.[2] By this time, Forrest was moving northwest, and the JTWC expected the storm to re-curve due to a weak spot in the subtropical ridge. However, the re-curvature took longer than expected.[1] The JMA suggested that the storm maintained its intensity of 200 km/h (125 mph) for several days. On September 27, however, the JMA estimated that Forrest finally began to weaken.[2] The storm quickly weakened thereafter, and by midday, the JMA downgraded the system into a severe tropical storm. During September 28, the system completed its extratropical transition, with the JTWC issuing their final advisory on the system early on the next day.[1] After becoming an extratropical cyclone the system recurved and started to accelerate towards the east-northeast, before the JMA stopped monitoring the system during September 30, as it moved into the East Pacific basin.[1][2] Thereafter, several ships reported storm and gale force winds while the system moved towards the east-northeast and along southwest Alaska.[7] The system subsequently stalled and gradually dissipated over the open waters of the Gulf of Alaska, with the system being last identifiable on October 4, about 1,415 km (880 mi) northwest of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[7]

Preparations and impact

During its formative stages, the storm passed near Guam, where winds of 32 km/h (20 mph) were measured. Rainfall was light, totaling 51 mm (2.0 in), but was enough to result in slight flooding.[1]

While weakening and passing 200 km (125 mi) southwest of Okinawa, gusty winds and heavy rains were recorded. At the Kadena Air Base, winds of 95 km/h (59 mph) and gusts of 80 mph (130 km/h) were measured. Rainfall of 296 mm (11.7 in) was recorded, resulting in minor flooding. A few people were hurt due to high winds, but according to the JTWC, the residents of Okinwana weathered the storm "well". Numerous funnel clouds were spotted, but no tornadoes were recorded. Northwest of Okinwana, on Inaka Island, a tornado was reported, which cleared a 91 m (299 ft) wide swath.[1] Throughout the island of Okinawa, 30 sustained minor injuries and 20 homes would either damaged or destroyed,[8] including seven homes that were destroyed. About 160,000 customers lost power.[8]

When the storm posed a threat to Kyushu, five ships were evacuated to an air force base that was considered "safe typhoon haven" by the JTWC.[1] In Motoyama, 540 mm (21 in) of rain fell, including 415 mm (16.3 in) in 24 hours and 102 mm (4.0 in) in one hour.[9] In Nagoya, five children were washed away by rising floodwaters while they were walking home from school. Four of the children were confirmed dead, and one 5-year-old child was reported missing. In Nishinomiya, near the western city of Kyoto, twelve construction workers were swept away by a downpour-triggered mudslide. Four of the construction workers were rescued, but the remaining eight of the construction workers were missing.[10] Elsewhere in the city, a landslide destroyed two homes, resulting in the deaths of a 71-year-old and a 77-year-old farmer.[11] Around 60 mi (95 km) south of Tokyo, in Shizuoka, three construction workers were swept along the Nishi River.[12] In Hyogo, on Honshu, 12 people were buried alive when a hut collapsed due to a mudslide.[13]

In all, Forrest killed at least 21 people, left 17 missing, and injured 86.[14] Due to overflowing rivers and dikes, 46,000 houses were flooded, including 141 "seriously".[15] Around 7,700 homes were under water, and over 100 were destroyed.[16] In addition, 67 bridges and 818 roads were damaged.[17] A total of 2,560 people were homeless. Seven flights were called off and 27,000 air travelers were stranded.[18] Train service was halted for hours and track lines were damaged in eight places.[19]

gollark: If you expect a mod with *general-purpose computers* to basically just offer random specific commands for your random specific (and under-detailed) usecases, you're doing it wrong.
gollark: Maybe not the item restocking one. I don't know how good the interfaces to AE2 or whatever are.
gollark: It's capable of it. You're using it wrong.
gollark: It can do all the stuff you mention, probably, if you have a lot of computers and I/O devices! But it requires someone, somewhere, to have put in work.
gollark: I guess in some sense that's "commands", but complicated fiddly ones.

See also

References
  1. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[3]
  1. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1984). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1983 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. pp. 53–56. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  2. Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1980–1989 (Report). Archived from the original (.TXT) on December 5, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  3. "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  4. Horarau, Karl (June 2000). <0357:SFSTOR>2.0.CO;2 "J UNE 200Supertyphoon Forrest (September 1983): The Overlooked Record Holder of Intensification in 24, 36, and 48 h". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 357: 357–360. Bibcode:2000WtFor..15..357H. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0357:SFSTOR>2.0.CO;2.
  5. "World Tropical Cyclone Records". World Meteorological Organization. Arizona State University. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  6. Japan Meteorological Agency. "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)" (TXT).
  7. DeAngellis, Richard M, ed. (1984). "North Pacific Weather Log: October 1983". Mariners Weather Log. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Center. 28 (1: Winter 1983): 24. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094179. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  8. "Typhoon Rocks Japan's Island". Times Daily. September 26, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  9. Digital Typhoon (March 19, 2013). Typhoon 198310 (FORREST). Digital Typhoon Detailed Track Information (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  10. "Typhoon Forrest kills 21 in Japanese floods". Times Daily. September 29, 1983. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  11. "Typhoon Kills Eight in Japan". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. September 29, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  12. "Japan's Typhoon Kills At Least 21". The Telegraph-Herald. September 28, 1983. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
  13. "Typhoon Lashes Japan". The Sun. September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  14. "Forrest'sDeath Toll in Japan Reaches 21". The Deseret News. September 29, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  15. "Pacific typhoon toll reaches 21". The Montreal Gazette. September 30, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  16. "Typhoon Batters Japan". Sydney Morning Herald. September 29, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  17. "Typhoon Forrest Deaths Up to 21". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. September 30, 1983. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  18. "Typhoon Forrest Kills 8, Leaves 2,500 Japanese Homeless". The Telegraph-Herald. September 28, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  19. "Toll from typhoon mounts in Japan". The Bulletin. September 28, 1983. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
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