Turn! Turn! Turn!

"Turn! Turn! Turn!", or "Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)", is a song written by Pete Seeger in the late 1950s and first recorded in 1959. The lyrics – except for the title, which is repeated throughout the song, and the final two lines – consist of the first eight verses of the third chapter of the biblical Book of Ecclesiastes. The song was originally released in 1962 as "To Everything There Is a Season" on folk group the Limeliters' album Folk Matinee, and then some months later on Seeger's own The Bitter and the Sweet.[1]

This article is about the song. For the Byrds album, see Turn! Turn! Turn! (album). For other uses, see Turn, Turn, Turn (disambiguation).

The song became an international hit in late 1965 when it was adapted by the American folk rock group the Byrds. The single entered the U.S. chart at number 80 on October 23, 1965, before reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on December 4, 1965. In Canada, it reached number 3 on November 29, 1965, and also peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart.

Lyrics

The lyrics are taken almost verbatim from the book of Ecclesiastes, as found in the King James Version (1611) of the Bible,[2] (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8) though the sequence of the words was rearranged for the song. Ecclesiastes is traditionally ascribed to King Solomon who would have written it in the 10th century BC, but believed by a significant group of biblical scholars to date much later, up to the third century BC.[3]

To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:
A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, a time to reap that which is planted;
A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;
A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;
A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together;
A time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;
A time to gain that which is to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;
A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;
A time of love, and a time of hate; a time of war, and a time of peace.

The Biblical text posits there being a time and place for all things: birth and death, laughter and sorrow, healing and killing, war and peace, and so on. The lines are open to myriad interpretations, but Seeger's song presents them as a plea for world peace because of the closing line: "a time for peace, I swear it's not too late." This line and the title phrase "Turn! Turn! Turn!" are the only parts of the lyric written by Seeger himself.[1]

In 1999, Seeger arranged for 45% of the songwriting royalties for "Turn! Turn! Turn!" to be donated to the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions.[4] He kept 50% of the royalties for his own music and took a further 5% for the lyrics because, in Seeger's own words, "[in addition to the music] I did write six words and one more word repeated three times."[4][nb 1] Seeger's handwritten lyrics to the song were among documents donated to New York University by the Communist Party USA in March 2007.[5]

The song is notable for being one of a few instances in popular music in which a large portion of the Bible is set to music, other examples being the Melodians' (and Boney M's) "Rivers of Babylon", Sister Janet Mead's "The Lord's Prayer", U2's "40", Sinead O'Connor's "Psalm 33" and Cliff Richard's "The Millennium Prayer". Since Ecclesiastes is traditionally ascribed to King Solomon in the 10th century BC, the Byrds' 1965 recording of the song holds the distinction in the U.S. of being the number 1 hit with the oldest lyrics.

The song was published in illustrated book form by Simon & Schuster in September 2003, with an accompanying CD which contained both Seeger's and the Byrds' recordings of the song. Wendy Anderson Halperin created a set of detailed illustrations for each set of opposites which are reminiscent of mandalas. The book also includes the Ecclesiastes text from the King James version of the Bible.

Renditions

Early folk versions

The song was first released by the folk group the Limeliters on their 1962 album Folk Matinee, under the title "To Everything There Is a Season".[1][6] The Limeliters' version predated the release of Seeger's own version by several months. One of the Limeliters' backing musicians at this time was Jim McGuinn (aka Roger McGuinn), who would later record the song with his band the Byrds and, prior to that, arrange the song for folk singer Judy Collins on her 1963 album, Judy Collins 3.[1] Collins' recording of the song was retitled as "Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)", a title that would be retained by the Byrds, though it was shortened to "Turn! Turn! Turn!" on the front cover of the album of the same name and the song became generally known by the shorter version, appearing as such on most later Byrds compilations.[7]

In 1963 Marlene Dietrich recorded "Für alles kommt die Zeit (Glaub', Glaub)", Max Colpet's German translation of the song. Dietrich was backed by a Burt Bacharach conducted studio orchestra, and the song was released as a single.[8][9] Australian folk singer Gary Shearston also recorded a version of the song for his 1964 album Songs of Our Time, with the title "Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)".[10]

The Byrds' version
"Turn! Turn! Turn!"
1965 German picture sleeve
Single by The Byrds
from the album Turn! Turn! Turn!
B-side"She Don't Care About Time"
ReleasedOctober 1, 1965
RecordedSeptember 1, 10, 14–16, 1965,
StudioColumbia, Hollywood, California
GenreFolk rock, jangle pop
Length3:49
LabelColumbia
Songwriter(s)Pete Seeger (words from the Book of Ecclesiastes)
Producer(s)Terry Melcher
The Byrds singles chronology
"All I Really Want to Do"
(1965)		 "Turn! Turn! Turn!"
(1965)		 "Set You Free This Time"
(1965)

"Turn! Turn! Turn!" was adapted by the Byrds in a folk rock arrangement and released as a single by Columbia Records on October 1, 1965.[11] The song was also included on the band's second album, Turn! Turn! Turn!, which was released on December 6, 1965.[11] The Byrds' single is the most successful recorded version of the song, having reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts and number 26 on the UK Singles Chart.[12][13] The B-side of the single was band member Gene Clark's original composition, "She Don't Care About Time".[11]

"Turn! Turn! Turn!" had first been arranged by the Byrds' lead guitarist Jim McGuinn in a chamber-folk style during sessions for Judy Collins' 1963 album, Judy Collins 3.[14] The idea of reviving the song came to McGuinn during the Byrds' July 1965 tour of the American Midwest, when his future wife, Dolores, requested the tune on the Byrds' tour bus.[15][16] The rendering that McGuinn dutifully played came out sounding not like a folk song but more like a rock/folk hybrid, perfectly in keeping with the Byrds' status as pioneers of the folk rock genre.[16] McGuinn explained, "It was a standard folk song by that time, but I played it and it came out rock 'n' roll because that's what I was programmed to do like a computer. I couldn't do it as it was traditionally. It came out with that samba beat, and we thought it would make a good single."[16] The master recording of the song reportedly took the Byrds 78 takes, spread over five days of recording, to complete.[17][18]

Music journalist William Ruhlmann has pointed out that the song's plea for peace and tolerance struck a nerve with the American record buying public as the Vietnam War escalated.[1] The single also solidified folk rock as a chart trend and, like the band's previous hits, continued the Byrds' successful mix of vocal harmony and jangly twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar playing.[1] Pete Seeger expressed his approval of the Byrds' rendering of the song.[19]

During 1965 and 1966, the band performed the song on the television programs Hollywood A Go-Go, Shindig!, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Where the Action Is, as well as in the concert film, The Big T.N.T. Show.[20] Additionally, the song would go on to become a staple of the Byrds' live concert repertoire, until their final disbandment in 1973.[21] The song was also performed live by a reformed line-up of the Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn, David Crosby and Chris Hillman in January 1989.[22] In addition to its appearance on the Turn! Turn! Turn! album, the song also appears on several Byrds' compilations, including The Byrds' Greatest Hits, History of The Byrds, The Original Singles: 1965–1967, Volume 1, The Byrds, 20 Essential Tracks From The Boxed Set: 1965-1990, The Very Best of The Byrds, The Essential Byrds and There Is a Season.[1]

The recording has been featured in numerous movies and TV shows, including 1983's Heart Like a Wheel, 1994's Forrest Gump,[23] and 2002's In America.[24][25] Following Joe Cocker's cover of "With a Little Help from My Friends", the song was the first to play on the initial episode of the television series The Wonder Years.[26] It was also used in a Wonder Years parody, during The Simpsons episode "Three Men and a Comic Book".[27] In 2003, it was used in the closing sequence of the Cold Case episode "A Time to Hate" (Season One, episode 7) and for the closing credits of episode 3 of Ken Burns and Lynn Novick's 2017 documentary The Vietnam War[28]

Personnel

Other cover versions

The song has been covered by many other artists:

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gollark: It's also been argued that in a lot of jobs people spend a small fraction of their time actually doing work.
gollark: Probably a lot of things are "pointless administration", but we also do need nonpointless administration to coordinate all the things. Also, people now want more things.
gollark: Lurking.
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See also

Notes
  1. In a 2002 interview with Acoustic Guitar magazine, Pete Seeger said, "All around the world, songs are being written that use old public domain material, and I think it's only fair that some of the money from the songs go to the country or place of origin, even though the composer may be long dead or unknown. With 'Turn, Turn, Turn' I wanted to send 45 percent, because [in addition to the music] I did write six words and one more word repeated three times, so I figured I'd keep five percent of the royalties for the words. I was going to send it to London, where I am sure the committee that oversees the use of the King James version exists, and they probably could use a little cash. But then I realized, why not send it to where the words were originally written?"

References
  1. "Turn! Turn! Turn! – Byrds Version". AllMusic. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
  2. "King Solomon's Writings". United Church of God: An International Association. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  3. "About the Book of Ecclesiastes – its author, date and purpose". Usefulbible.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  4. Hasson, Nir (November 8, 2009). "Pete Seeger's role in ending Israeli house demolitions". Haaretz. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  5. Cohen, Patricia (March 20, 2007). "Communist Party USA Gives Its History to N.Y.U." New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
  6. "Folk Matinee review". AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  7. "Byrds Compilations". Richard Russell's Byrdmaniax Discography Pages. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
  8. "Release, Für alles kommt die Zeit (Glaub', glaub')". Discogs. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  9. "45.com Record Details, Für alles kommt die Zeit (Glaub', glaub')". Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  10. "Gary Shearston – Songs of Our Time". garyshearston.com. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  11. Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 543–545. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
  12. Whitburn, Joel. (2008). Top Pop Singles 1955–2006. Record Research Inc. p. 130. ISBN 0-89820-172-1.
  13. Brown, Tony. (2000). The Complete Book of the British Charts. Omnibus Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-7119-7670-8.
  14. Fricke, David. (1996). Turn! Turn! Turn! (1996 CD liner notes).
  15. Hjort, Christopher. (2008). So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973). Jawbone Press. pp. 47–50. ISBN 1-906002-15-0.
  16. Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 128. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
  17. Hyde, Bob. (1987). Never Before (1989 CD liner notes).
  18. Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 619. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
  19. Show 33 – Revolt of the Fat Angel: American musicians respond to the British invaders. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library
  20. Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. p. 616. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
  21. Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. pp. 591–615. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
  22. "The Byrds Bootleg CD List". Byrds Flyte. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  23. "Forrest Gump Soundtrack". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  24. "In America Soundtrack". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  25. "In America Soundtrack review". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  26. "The Wonder Years: Music From Each Episode". The Wonder Years fansite. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  27. "Mmm...Television: A study of the audience of The Simpsons". The Simpsons Archive. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  28. Fu, Eddie. "Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross detail their score to Ken Burns' new Vietnam War documentary". Consequence of Sound. WordPress.com. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  29. "Mary Hopkin biography". BBC. November 19, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  30. "Mary Hopkin - Those Were The Days / Turn Turn Turn". Discogs. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
  31. "Wilson Phillips - California". Discogs. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  32. "Our Country - Soundtrack Credits". IMDb.com. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  33. "Laco Lučenič – Komplet". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  34. Craig Shelburne (September 17, 2014). ""Turn! Turn! Turn!" Returns in New Feature Film". Cmtedge.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  35. "No seu quintal • Banda Resgate". Banda Resgate (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 25, 2019.
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