Turkistan Islamic Party

The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) (Arabic: الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني‎, romanized: al-Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī; Uyghur: تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى‎‎ ) or Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names,[note 1] is an Islamic extremist organization founded by Uyghur jihadists in Western China, considered broadly as a terrorist group. Its stated goals are to establish an independent state called "East Turkestan" in Xinjiang.[22] According to a Chinese report, published in 2002, between 1990 and 2001 the ETIM had committed over 200 acts of terrorism, resulting in at least 162 deaths and over 440 injuries.[23] The UN Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee has listed ETIM as a terrorist organization since 2002.[24]

This article is about the Jihadist organization. For the secessionist movement, see East Turkestan independence movement. For the Syrian branch of the Islamic Movement, see Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.

Turkistan Islamic Party
Active1988 – present
IdeologyUyghur nationalism
Sunni Islamism
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Salafist jihadism
Separatism
Motive(s)An Islamic state in Xinjiang and the entire Central Asia, eventually Caliphate[1]
LeadersZeydin Yusup †
Hasan Mahsum †
Abdul Haq[2][3][4]
Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani †
Abdullah Mansour[5]
HeadquartersIdlib Governorate, Syria (largest operation base)
Area of operationsChina (Xinjiang)
Pakistan (North Waziristan)[6] (until 2017)[7]
Afghanistan (Badakhshan)[8]
Central Asia
Syria[9][10][11] (Jisr al-Shughur in Idlib Governorate, Latakia Governorate)
Allies Al-Qaeda[12]
Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[13]
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (splinter faction, allied with main faction until 2015)[14]
Opponent(s) China
 European Union
 Pakistan[15][16]
 India
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Mongolia
 Russia
 Tajikistan
 Turkey[17]
 Turkmenistan
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
 United States[18]
Battles and war(s)Xinjiang conflict Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Syrian Civil War
Turkistan Islamic Party
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯兰党
Traditional Chinese突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨
Uyghur name
Uyghurتۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى‎

Likely inspired by the success of the mujahideen against the Soviets, the TIP became prominent in April 1990 during the Baren Township riot. The conflict took the form of a jihad which envisioned a similar result to the earlier creation of the First East Turkestan Republic (1933-1934).[25] Their slogans contained anti-Communist rhetoric and calls for uniting Turks, indicating a movement akin to Islamic pan-Turkism historically congruent with southern Xinjiang rather than pure, radical Salafi jihadism or religious extremism. The revolt lasted several days and was put down by the CCP, who deployed significant forces to suppress the insurrection. The CCP viewed them as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border which gave birth to more radical movements such as the Party of Allah and the Islamic Movement of East Turkistan.[25]

Since the September 11 attacks, the group has been designated as a terrorist organization by China, the European Union,[26] Kyrgyzstan,[note 2][29][30] Kazakhstan,[31] Malaysia,[32] Pakistan,[33] Russia,[34] Turkey,[17][35] United Arab Emirates,[36][37] the United Kingdom[38][39] and the United States,[40] in addition to the United Nations.[41] Its Syrian branch Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria is active in the Syrian Civil War.

History

Abdul Hameed, Abdul Azeez Makhdoom, and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom launched the Islamic Party of Turkistan in 1940.[42] After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem instructed Hasan Mahsum and other Uyghurs in fundamentalist Islam.[43]

In 1989 Ziyauddin Yusuf (Zeydin Yusup) started the group which was originally called East Turkistan Islamic Party(ETIP).[42][44] The name in Uyghur was (شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى) Sherqiy Türkistan Islam Partiyisi,[45] and in Turkish it was called Doğu Türkistan İslam Partisi.[46] The movement was reshuffled by Hasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in 1997 into its present incarnation.[47][48] This group was referred to as "East Turkestan Islamic Movement" (ETIM) by the Chinese government but the group itself never used that name. In 1998 Mahsum moved ETIM's headquarters to Kabul, taking shelter under Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. The Chinese government alleges that Mahsum met with leaders of al-Qaeda and the Taliban including Osama bin Laden in 1999 in Afghanistan to coordinate actions, though Mahsum denied this.[49] There, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement dropped the "East" from its name as it increased its domain.[19] The group's infrastructure was crippled after the United States invaded Afghanistan and bombed Al Qaeda bases in the mountainous regions along the border with Pakistan, after which the leader of ETIM, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on an Al-Qaeda camp in 2003.[50]

However, ETIM resurged after the Iraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment.[51] The United States Department of State has yet to fully list it as a foreign terrorist organization under Title 8 of the United States Code Section 1189,[52][53] though the United States Department of the Treasury has blocked the property and prohibited transactions with the terrorist organization according to Executive Order 13224[54] and the State Department has blocked its members for immigration purpose.[55] In 2006, ETIM circulated a video calling for a renewed jihad, and took advantage of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing to gain publicity for its attacks.[19] The ETIM is said to be allied with the Pakistani Taliban (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan) prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants.[56]

The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) and abandoned usage of the name ETIM, although China still calls it by the name ETIM and refuses to acknowledge it as TIP.[57] The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) but then split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with its Islamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists.[58] Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so.[59][60]

TIP's Ṣawt al-Islām (Voice of Islam) media arm releases video messages. The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" Uyghur: (تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى; Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi).[61][62][63]

The TIP are believed to have links to al-Qaeda and affiliated groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,[64] and the Pakistani Taliban.[65] Philip B. K. Potter writes that despite the fact that "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that prior to 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation."[66][67] Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts.[68][69] However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved to Kabul, in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, while "China’s ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban." The East Turkestan Islamic Movement dropped "East" from its name as it increased its domain.[68] The U.S. State Department have listed them as a terrorist organisation since 2002,[70] and as having received "training and financial assistance" from al-Qaeda.[67]

A number of members of al-Qaeda have expressed support for the TIP, Xinjiang independence, and/or jihad against China. They include Mustafa Setmariam Nasar,[71] Abu Yahya al-Libi,[72][73] and current al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri who has on multiple occasions issued statements naming Xinjiang (calling it "East Turkestan") as one of the "battlegrounds" of "jihad to liberate every span of land of the Muslims that has been usurped and violated."[74][75][76][77][78] Additionally, the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center distributes TIP promotional material.[79]

Andrew McGregor, writing for the Jamestown Foundation, notes that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against the Northern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP’s "strategy" of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."[80]

TIP member Abdul Haq al Turkistani joined al-Qaeda's executive leadership council in 2005[81] and TIP member Abdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed its military commander of its forces in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.[82] Abdul Haq was so apparently highly placed in al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played an integral role in military planning.[83]

The Uyghurs East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial "Islamic Spring"'s 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri, the chief of Al-Qaeda. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.[84]

As clarified by TIP head Abdul Haq, the Turkistan Islamic Party is allied to Al-Qaeda.[85]

Afghanistan and Waziristan

During the Battle of Kunduz in Afghanistan, foreign Islamist militants of Uyghur, Chechen, Rohingya, Kyrgyz, Tajik, and Uzbek ethnicity joined the Taliban in their attack.[86][87][88][89][90]

Syria
Main article: Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria

TIP (ETIM) sent the "Turkistan Brigade" (Katibat Turkistani), also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria to take part in the Syrian Civil War, most noticeably in the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive.[91][92] Al-Qaeda linked groups in Syria include the Syrian branch of the Chechen Caucasus Emirate, Uzbek militants, and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[93]

Ideology

The NEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims from Western China." The East Turkestan Islamic Movement's primary goal is the independence of East Turkestan.[22] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the 2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".[20]

Structure

In October 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges.[94] They are:

NameAliasesChargesWhereabouts
Memet Amin Memet (Mehmetiming Memeti) Abdul Haq Leading the organization, inciting ethnic tensions in 2006 and 2007, buying explosives, organizing terrorist attacks against the 2008 Summer Olympics Thought to have been killed in North Waziristan drone attack[95][96] Resurfaced in 2014[3]
Emeti Yakuf
(Emet Yakuf)		 Abu Abdurehman, Sayfullah, Abdul Jabar Threatening to use biological and chemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[97]
Memetituersun Yiming
(Memet Tursun Imin)		 Abdul Ali Raised funds for ETIM, tested bombs in the run-up to the Olympics Since 2008, Western Asia
Memetituersun Abuduhalike
(Memet Tursun Abduxaliq)		 Metursun Abduxaliq, Ansarul, Najmuddin Attacked government organizations, money laundering for ETIM operations, buying vehicles and renting houses for attacks Unknown
Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti
(Xemsidinahmet Abdumijit)		 Sayyid Recruiting for ETIM in the Middle East, blew up a Chinese supermarket Unknown
Aikemilai Wumaierjiang
(Akrem Omerjan)		 Assisted Xiamisidingaihemaiti Abudumijiti in the supermarket attack Unknown
Yakuf Memeti
(Yakuf Memet)		 Abdujalil Ahmet, Abdullah, Punjab Sneaked into China illegally to gather information on Chinese neighborhoods, a failed suicide attack against oil refinery Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[98]
Tuersun Toheti
(Tursun Tohti)		 Mubather, Nurullah Organizing a terror team for the 2008 Olympics, buying raw materials for them and requesting chemical formulas for explosives Killed in North Waziristan drone attack[98]

Guantanamo Bay detainees
Main article: Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay

The United States captured 22 Uyghur militants from combat zones in Afghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked to Al-Qaeda.[99] They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being found No Longer Enemy Combatant,[100] i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, they could not be released back to China because of its human rights record.[101]

Attacks
Further information: Xinjiang conflict § Timeline
  • Uyghur Islamists on 25 February 1997 in Urumqi committed bus bombings. Responsibility for the attacks was claimed and acknowledged by factions of certain diaspora Uyghurs.[102][103]
  • In Beijing's Xidan, a bus bomb killed two people on 7 March 1997 and Uyghur separatists boasted that they were behind the attack.[104] The participation of Uyghurs in the bus bombing was dismissed by the Chinese government even while the Turkey-based "Organisation for East Turkistan Freedom" boasted to committing the attack.[103][105] Violent attacks were carried out by Turkey, Afghanistan, and Central Asian based groups.[106]
  • In 2007, ETIM militants in cars shot Chinese nationals in Pakistani Balochistan and sent a videotape of the attack to Beijing, in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July.[29]
  • ETIM also took credit for a spate of attacks before the 2008 Summer Olympics, including a series of bus bombings in Kunming, an attempted plane hijacking in Urumqi,[100] and an attack on paramilitary troops in Kashgar that killed 17 officers.[107]
  • In 2010 responsibility for attacks in China was claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.[108]
  • On 29 June 2010, a court in Dubai convicted two members of an ETIM cell of plotting to bomb a government-owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods. This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia. The key plotter was recruited during Hajj and was flown to Waziristan to train.[109]
  • In July 2010, officials in Norway interrupted a terrorist bomb plot, another instance of ETIM branching out of its original regions and cooperating with international groups. New York Times correspondent Edward Wong says that ETIM "give[s] them a raison d'être at a time when the Chinese government has... defused any chance of a widespread insurgency... in Xinjiang."[107]
  • Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.[110]
  • In October 2013, a suicide attack in Tiananmen Square caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries. Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing's recent history. Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack.[111]
  • In March 2014, a group of knife-wielding terrorists attacked passengers at the Kunming's railway station resulting in 31 civilians dead and +140 injured.[112] No group stepped forward to claim responsibility, However Xinhua News Agency and government of Kunming said that the attack had been linked to TIP.[113]
  • In b/w July–December 2014, large scale riots, bombings, arson and knife attacks lead to the deaths over 183 people (incl. civilians, attackers and security forces) and left dozens injured. Most of these attackers/rioters were either inspired by or were linked to TIP.[114][115][116][117]
  • On 18 September 2015 in Aksu, a group of knife-wielding terrorists attacked sleeping workers at a coalmine and killed 50 of them. The Turkistan Islamic Party claimed responsibility for the attack.[118]
  • On 30 August 2016, TIP militants from Syria struck Chinese Embassy in Krygzstan with a suicide bombing. The attack left few Krygz staffers injured.[119][120]
  • On 28 December 2016, TIP inspired militants attacked a government office in Karakax county, attackers drove an explosive laden vehicle and denoted it in the yard of the building and then killed 2 people in a knife attack. All the assailants were then killed by the police.[121]
  • On 14 February 2017, 3 TIP inspired knife-wielding attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county. Attackers were then killed by police.[122][123]

Analysis

Dru C. Gladney, an authority on Uyghurs, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, where China supported the US-led War on Terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support."[124] The Uyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.[125]

On 16 June 2009, Representative Bill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular.[126] Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all."[126] The Congressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but that China attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.[126]

Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.[127]

Intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports from human rights groups and academics, and testimony from the Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before the September 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".[128]

Nick Holdstock, in a New York Times interview claimed that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.[129] Wall Street Journal claimed that Al-Qaeda was not connected to Uyghurs and claimed that no attacks were performed by ETIM (TIP).[130] French journalist Ursula Gauthier claimed that the ETIM is currently not classified as terrorist by the USA approvingly cited people who called into question whether it is real, suggesting that they are wrongly being blamed by China for violent attacks and she claimed "probably" "abuse, injustice, expropriation" of Uighurs justified retribution in the form of mass slaughter at a coal mine.[131] The "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı" which supports the TIP, cited a Reuters article which claimed that Uyghurs are viewed as terrorists in China.[132] The "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı" praised a TIP member, Hamza (Muhammad Ali Told Rahim), who joined the Turkistan Islamic Party as one of the "mujahideen" fighting in Khorasan (Afghanistan) on 15 December 2006 and returned to Kashgar to participate in the 2011 Kashgar attacks in which he was killed, citing from a Human Rights Watch report which praised Hamza.[133]

Lebanese American political scientist and Al Akhbar columnist As'ad AbuKhalil slammed and criticized western media for not reporting on the massive Turkistan Islamic Party inghimasi participation in the Aleppo offensive (June–August 2016) since it goes against their agenda.[134] He criticized Charles Lister,[135] Fabrice Balanche[136] and New York Times reporter Roger Cohen for this.[137] The Long War Journal confirmed that Al Qaeda affiliated Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party Jihadists fought in Aleppo.[138] A suicide bomber who blows up after using up all his conventional weapons first is an inghimasi.[139]

David Volodzko admitted that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party was fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books.[140] Muhanad Hage Ali wrote an exposé on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria.[141]

Andrew McGregor wrote about the Turkistan Islamic Party's presence in North Waziristan.[142] The Uighur fighters were praised by Zawahiri, the leader of Al-Qaeda before a Turkistan Islamic Party performed the Bishkek bombing on 30 August.[143] The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets like the "Islamic Turkestan" magazine and its Telegram channel.[144]

gollark: Rust inevitably incurses into all locations, yes.
gollark: Asm2bf slowly becomes, inevitably, Rust.
gollark: Maybe the original code somehow relies on it being floats rather than u16s but I don't see how it would be.
gollark: As opposed to deliberate apioform generation.
gollark: I managed to eke out a few performance improvements and remove a significant amount of dependencies, and yet I can't work out why it's apioforming unwantedly.

See also

Notes
  1. The official name of the organization since 1999 is the "Turkistan Islamic Movement", but in English it is known by its old name and acronym, ETIM.[19][20] Other aliases adopted over the years are "East Turkistan Islamic Party", "Allah Party" and "East Turkistan National Revolution Association".[21]
  2. The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003[27][28]

References
  1. Moubayed, Sami (29 September 2015). Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad. I.B.Tauris. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-85772-921-7. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  2. "Archived copy" “东突”头目被美军导弹击中身亡 曾发录像威胁袭击中国. Huanqiu.com (in Chinese). Global Times. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. "Turkestan Islamic Party emir thought killed in 2010 reemerged to lead group in 2014". The Long War Journal. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  4. "TIP Leader Congratulates Attack in Hotan in Video". SITE Intel Group. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  5. MacLean, William (23 November 2013). "Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack 'jihadi operation': SITE". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  6. Zenn, Jacob. "An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  7. Bennett-Jones, Owen. "North Waziristan: What happened after militants lost the battle?". BBC. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  8. Sarwar, Mustafa. "Taliban Increasing Presence In Remote Afghan Region Bordering China". Gandhara. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  9. "TIP Division in Syria Releases Video Promoting Cause, Inciting for Jihad". SITE Institute. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  10. turkistanhaber (6 February 2016). "Türkistan İslam Cemaati'nden Yeni Video " Zafer Sadece Allahtan'dır 2 " |". Doguturkistanbulteni.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  11. "Micro Syria Guide For The Perplexed American: Know Your Terrorists". Syriawatch.intoxvs.info. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  12. "Turkistan Islamic Party leader criticizes the Islamic State's 'illegitimate' caliphate | FDD's Long War Journal". Longwarjournal.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  13. Weiss, Caleb. "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria shows more 'little jihadists'". Long War Journal. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  14. "Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists". Jamestown Foundation. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  15. "Zarb-e-Azb: Army says 90% of North Waziristan cleared". Tribune.com.pk. 16 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  16. "Operation updates: 22 militants killed in Datta Khel air strikes". Tribune.com.pk. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  17. "Turkey lists "E. Turkestan Islamic Movement" as terrorists - People's Daily Online". En.people.cn. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  18. Terri Moon Cronk (7 February 2018). "U.S. Forces Strike Taliban, East Turkestan Islamic Movement Training Sites". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  19. "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  20. "Chinese Islamists threaten Olympics: US group". Agence France-Presse. 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  21. "Beijing wants Chinese Gitmo detainees". China Daily. 14 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  22. Bashir, Shaykh (1 July 2008). "Why Are We Fighting China?" (PDF). NEFA Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2010. ...We are fighting China... China is an enemy who has invaded Muslim countries and occupies Muslim East Turkestan. There is no greater obligation, aside from belief in Allah, than expelling the enemies of Muslims from our countries.... We are fighting China to make them testify that 'there is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah' and make them convert to Islam....
  23. ""East Turkistan" Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity". China.org.cn. 21 January 2002. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  24. "EASTERN TURKISTAN ISLAMIC MOVEMENT". United Nations Security Council. 7 April 2011. The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is an organization which has used violence to further its aim of setting up an independent so-called "East Turkistan" within China. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. Castets, Rémi (1 October 2003). "The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows. After September 11th 2001, the Chinese regime strove to include its repression of Uyghur opposition within the international dynamic of the struggle against Islamic terrorist networks". China Perspectives (in French). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.648. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  26. "Consolidated TEXT: 32002R0881 — EN — 10.10.2015". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  27. Karagiannis, Emmanuel (4 December 2009). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-1-135-23942-8. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  28. Karagiannis, Emmanuel (4 December 2009). Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir. Routledge. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-1-135-23941-1. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  29. Ansari, Massoud (3 August 2007). "The New Face of Jihad". Newsline. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
  30. Lansford, Tom (24 March 2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. SAGE Publications. pp. 818–. ISBN 978-1-4833-7158-0.
  31. Omelicheva, Mariya Y. (13 September 2010). Counterterrorism Policies in Central Asia. Routledge. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-1-136-92372-2.American Foreign Policy Council (30 January 2014). The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 673–. ISBN 978-1-4422-3144-3.Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9.Terrorism Documents of International and Local Control: Volumes 90 and 91. Oxford University Press. 29 July 2008. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-19-538101-6.
  32. http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf
  33. "Three groups active in Xinjiang banned - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  34. "هؤلاء انغماسيو أردوغان الذين يستوردهم من الصين - عربي أونلاين". 3arabionline.com. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  35. "Turkey-China Relations: From "Strategic Cooperation" to "Strategic Partnership"?". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  36. "List of groups designated terrorist organisations by the UAE". The National (Abu Dhabi). Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. Emirates News Agency (WAM) وكالة أنباء الإمارات. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014."UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups". Kuwait News Agency. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014."UAE blacklists 5 Pakistani groups among 83 as 'militant organisations". The Express Tribune. AFP. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  37. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. Martina, Michael; Blanchard, Ben; Spring, Jake (20 July 2016). Ruwitch, John; Macfie, Nick (eds.). "Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017.
  39. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. "U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List" Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved on 29 July 2014).
  41. "Governance Asia-Pacific Watch". United Nations. April 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  42. Acharya, Arabinda; Gunaratna, Rohan; Pengxin, Wang (22 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-230-10787-8. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  43. Acharya, Arabinda; Gunaratna, Rohan; Pengxin, Wang (22 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-230-10787-8. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  44. J. Todd Reed; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9.
  45. China Perspectives. C.E.F.C. 2003. p. 40.
  46. Archived copy "东突"恐怖势力难脱罪责土. China Intercontinental Press. 2002. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0029-4. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor.com. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  48. Gunaratna, Rohan; Oreg, Aviv (1 July 2015). The Global Jihad Movement. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-1-4422-4542-6.
  49. A. Acharya; R. Gunaratna; W. Pengxin (21 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-230-10787-8.
  50. "Chinese militant "shot dead"". BBC News. 23 December 2003. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  51. Guang, Pan (May 2006). "East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: china's Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy". China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. 4 (2). ISSN 1653-4212.
  52. "§1189. Designation of foreign terrorist organizations". U.S. Government Publishing Office. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  53. "Other Groups of Concern" (PDF). U.S. State Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  54. "Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  55. "Terrorist Exclusion List". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  56. "Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists". The Nation (Pakistan). Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  57. Winterbottom, Vaughan (14 August 2013). "No end in sight to Xinjiang unrest". China Outlook. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  58. Zenn, Jacob (24 June 2013). "On the Eve of 2014: Islamism in Central Asia". Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. Hudson Institute. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  59. Zenn, Jacob (2 October 2013). "Increasing Numbers of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analystb. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  60. "The Taliban". Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016v.
  61. "Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche". East-turkistan.tv. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  62. "Xewerler – Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti Sürgündiki Hökümiti – East Turkistan Government in Exile". Uy.eastturkistan-gov.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  63. "Sherqiy Türkistan Radio Téléviziyisi-East Turkistan Radio & Television – Uyghurche". East-turkistan.tv. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  64. Zenn, Jacob (23 May 2014). "Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists". China Brief. 14 (10). Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  65. A. Acharya; R. Gunaratna; W. Pengxin (21 June 2010). Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-230-10787-8.
  66. Potter, Philip B. K. (Winter 2013). "Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. 7 (4): 71–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  67. Foreign terrorist organizations (PDF) (Report). U.S. State Department. p. 237. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  68. "China: The Evolution of ETIM". Stratfor. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  69. "Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 17 (2): 16. April 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2018. Post 9/11: labeling Uighurs terrorists
  70. "Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  71. Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (aliases Abu Musab al-Suri and Umar Abd al-Hakim) (1999). Muslims in Central Asia and The Coming Battle of Islam. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016.
  72. "Turkistan Islamic Party Video Attempts to Explain Uyghur Militancy to Chinese". Raffaello Pantucci. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  73. Zenn, Jacob (29 April 2016). "An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  74. "Zawahiri endorses war in Kashmir but says don't hit Hindus in 'Muslim lands'". The Indian Express. Reuters. 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  75. Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (13 August 2015). "Ayman al-Zawahiri's Pledge of Allegiance to New Taliban Leader Mullah Muhammad Mansour". Middle East Forum. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  76. "Al-Qaeda urges fight against West and Russia". Cairo: Al Arabiya. Reuters. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  77. Abdelaty, Ali; Knecht, Eric (1 November 2015). Williams, Alison (ed.). "Al Qaeda chief urges militant unity against Russia in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  78. Shih, Gerry (10 September 2016). "Rising Uighur militancy changes security landscape for China". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  79. "TIP Enters Jihadist Mainstream". SITE Intel Group. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  80. McGregor, Andrew (11 March 2010). "Will Xinjiang's Turkistani Islamic Party Survive the Drone Missile Death of its Leader?". Terrorism Monitor. 8 (10). Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  81. Roggio, Bill (23 January 2010). "US airstrike killed 15 Turkistan Islamic Party fighters in Afghanistan". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  82. Roggio, Bill (25 August 2012). "Turkistan Islamic Party leader thought killed in US drone strike". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  83. Potter, Philip B. K. (Winter 2013). "Terrorism in China: Growing Threats with Global Implications" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. 7 (4): 71–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  84. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/zawahiri-praises-uighur-jihadists-in-ninth-episode-of-islamic-spring-series.php Archived 10 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/zawahiri-addresses-uyghur-muslims-in-ninth-episode-of-islamic-spring.htmlhttp://jihadology.net/2016/07/02/new-video-message-from-dr-ayman-al-%e1%ba%93awahiri-the-islamic-spring-9-turkistan-patience-and-then-victory%5B%5D https://videopress.com/embed/tcYTflzt?hd=0&autoPlay=0&permalink=0&loop=0 Archived 21 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  85. Clarke, Michael (7 September 2016). "Uighur militants infiltrating Indonesia". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  86. "Who is fighting in northern Afghanistan? | Asia | DW.COM | 07.10.2015". Dw.com. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  87. Azami, Dawood (1 October 2015). "Taliban triumph in capture of Kunduz". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  88. Bezhan, Frud (4 May 2015). "Foreign Voices Ring Out In Afghan Spring Offensive". Rferl.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  89. Goldstein, Joseph (30 September 2015). "A Taliban Prize, Won in a Few Hours After Years of Strategy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  90. "Afghan US Force Back Taliban in Kunduz". The Australian. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  91. Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  92. Weiss, Caleb (30 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party had significant role in recent Idlib offensive". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  93. Joscelyn, Thomas (29 September 2015). "US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy?". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  94. "'Eastern Turkistan' terrorists identified". China Daily. Xinhua. 21 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  95. "Xinjiang fighter 'killed by drone'". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2012. The leader of a Chinese separatist movement, believed to have links with al-Qaeda, has been killed in a US missile strike, Pakistani and Taliban officials have said.
  96. "TIP leader killed in Pakistan drone strike". Neil Doyle. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  97. Walsh, Declan; Schmitt, Eric (24 August 2012). "Militant Leader Believed Dead in Pakistan Drone Strike". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012. Among the 18 people reported to have been killed was Emeti Yakuf, a senior leader of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a group from western China whose members are Chinese Uighur Muslim militants.
  98. "Badruddin Haqqani: 2IC of Haqani Network allegedly killed in NATO attack". FATA Research Center. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  99. Fletcher, Holly; Bajoria, Jayshree (31 July 2008). "The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)". Backgrounder. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  100. Pike, John. "Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement / Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP)". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  101. de Vogue, Ariane; Powell, Dennis; Ryan, Jason (24 April 2009). "Guantanamo Uyghur Detainees: Coming to America?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  102. Lecturer in Modern Chinese History in the Department of East Asian Studies Michael Dillon; Dillon, Michael (23 October 2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-1-134-36096-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  103. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. pp. 333–. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  104. Mahesh Ranjan Debata (1 January 2007). China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang. Pentagon Press. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-81-8274-325-0.
  105. China Perspectives. C.E.F.C. 2003. p. 43.
  106. China Perspectives. C.E.F.C. 2003. p. 42.
  107. Wong, Edward (9 July 2010). "Chinese Separatists Tied to Norway Bomb Plot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  108. "Militants claim China attacks". Neil Doyle. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  109. Pantucci, Raffaello (22 June 2010). "Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement Plot in Dubai" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  110. "Turkistan Islamic Party claims western China attacks - World". Dawn.Com. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  111. "Islamist group claims responsibility for attack on China's Tiananmen Square". Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  112. "China separatists blamed for Kunming knife rampage". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  113. 新華社：昆明案涉新疆分離勢力 [Xinhua News Agency: Xinjiang separatists involved in the Kunming attack] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  114. "Xinjiang violence: China says 'gang' killed 37 last week". BBC News. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  115. Levin, Dan. "At Least 50 Killed in Xinjiang Violence, Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  116. "22 Killed in Farmers' Market Attack in Xinjiang's Kashgar Prefecture". Radio Free Asia. 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  117. "China says 15 killed in "terrorist attack" in Xinjiang". Yahoo! News. 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017 – via Agence-France Presse.
  118. عملية أظهرت عجز سلطات الصين [Operation showed the inability of the Chinese authorities] (PDF). تركستان الإسلامية [Islamic Turkistan] (in Arabic). No. العدد 19. رجب - 1437 هـ. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  119. O'Grady, Siobhán (30 August 2016). "Questions of Responsibility Loom After Attack on Chinese Embassy in Kyrgyzstan". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017.
  120. Dzyubenko, Olga (7 September 2016). "Kyrgyzstan says Uighur militant groups behind attack on China's embassy". BISHKEK. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  121. "Five dead in attack in China's Xinjiang". Reuters. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017.
  122. "Knife-wielding attackers kill five in China's Xinjiang: govt". Reuters. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
  123. "China knife attack: Eight dead in Xinjiang region". BBC News. 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018.
  124. Clabaugh, Rich (24 April 2009). "Freed from Guantánamo, a Uighur clings to asylum dreams in Sweden". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  125. "World Uyghur Congress". Uyghurcongress.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  126. "AFP: US lawmakers seek review of Uighur 'terror' label". Agence France Presse. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  127. "China: ETIM's Direct Threat to the Olympics". Stratfor. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  128. Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 14–16, 46–47.
  129. Johnson, Ian (13 August 2015). "Q. and A.: Nick Holdstock on Xinjiang and 'China's Forgotten People' - The New York Times". Sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com. Xinjiang, China. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  130. Page, Jeremy (25 July 2016). "Over 100 Chinese Fighters Have Joined Islamic State in Syria". Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017 – via www.wsj.com.
  131. Gauthier, Ursula (18 November 2015). "After the attacks, the solidarity of China is not without ulterior motives". L'Obs. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  132. "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı". Doguturkistanbulteni.com. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  133. turkistanhaber. "Türkistan İslam Cemaati Mücahidi Şehit Muhammed Turkistani'nin Hayatı – Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı". Doguturkistanbulteni.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  134. http://angryarab.blogspot.com/2016/08/chinese-jihadis-among-fighters-in-aleppo.html Archived 9 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine http://angryarab.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-turkistan-islamic-party-fighters-in.html Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  135. Posted by As'ad AbuKhalil (9 August 2016). "The Angry Arab News Service/وكالة أنباء العربي الغاضب: Charles Lister proves that you can be a respected advocate of Al-Qa'idah in Washington, DC". Angryarab.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  136. Posted by As'ad AbuKhalil (10 August 2016). "The Angry Arab News Service/وكالة أنباء العربي الغاضب: Fabrice Balanche on Aleppo". Angryarab.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  137. Posted by As'ad AbuKhalil (26 August 2016). "The Angry Arab News Service/وكالة أنباء العربي الغاضب: Roger Cohen of the Times refers to Jihadi groups (including Al-Qa'idah and Islamic Turkistan Islamic Party) as Syrian "opposition"". Angryarab.blogspot.de. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  138. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/08/jihadists-and-other-rebels-claim-to-have-broken-through-siege-of-aleppo.php Archived 11 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine http://angryarab.blogspot.com/2016/08/uzbek-ktj-uighur-tip-rebels-in-aleppo.html Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  139. Posted by As'ad AbuKhalil (7 August 2016). "The Angry Arab News Service/وكالة أنباء العربي الغاضب: What is the difference between an Inghimasi and Intihari: The difference between Suicidal and Submerged fighters in Jihadi kooky world". Angryarab.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  140. Volodzko, David (8 March 2016). "China's New Headache: Uyghur Militants in Syria". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  141. Ali, Mohanad Hage (2 March 2016). "China's proxy war in Syria: Revealing the role of Uighur fighters". Al Arabiya English. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  142. McGregor, Andrew (12 March 2010). "Will Xinjiang's Turkistani Islamic Party Survive the Drone Missile Death of its Leader?". Terrorism Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. 8 (10). Archived from the original on 15 November 2016.
  143. Botobekov, Uran (29 September 2016). "Al-Qaeda, the Turkestan Islamic Party, and the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.
  144. Botobekov l, Uran (17 August 2016). "China's Nightmare: Xinjiang Jihadists Go Global". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.

Further reading
  • Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-36540-9.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.