Triadenum fraseri

Triadenum fraseri, known by the common names bog St. John's wort, Fraser's St. John's wort, and Fraser's marsh St. John's wort, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae that appears natively in New England, northeastern and northcentral United States and lower Canada in wetlands habitats of "bogs, marshes, swales, sedgy meadows, moist sandy (even marly) shores, conifer swamps and alder thickets".[2] It is named after John Fraser (1750–1811), a Scottish botanist and widely travelled plant collector.

Triadenum fraseri
Conservation status
Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Hypericaceae
Genus:	Triadenum
Species:	T. fraseri
Binomial name
Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason

Description

Triadenum fraseri is a perennial forb that can grow to heights of 1 foot (0.30 m) to 2 feet (0.61 m). The plant has blue-green, sometimes purple-tinged, stalkless, elliptical, opposite leaves that are typically 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) long and to 1.75 inches (4.4 cm) wide, with prominent, often red stems and veins.

The plant displays clusters of a few to several flowers arising from leaf axils, at the end of branching stems. The pink five-petal flowers with green or purplish sepals that range from 0.25 inches (0.64 cm) to 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) wide when fully open (but they are rarely open). The flower typically appears closed like a bud. Each flower features 9 to 12 yellow stamens. The plant's fruit is a three-sectioned dark-red or orange pointed capsule, 0.25 inches (0.64 cm) to 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) long. Triadenum fraseri is typically in flower each year from July through September.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus name Triadenum is derived from the Greek meaning "three glands".[4] This name refers to the plant's three-chambered capsule fruit. The species was named in honor of 18th- and early 19th-century Scottish botanist John Fraser (1750–1811). During his career, Fraser served Russian monarchs and collected plant specimens during voyages through North America, the West Indies, and Russia. Fraser was hailed early on by his biographers as "one of the most enterprising, indefatigable, and persevering men that ever embarked in the cause of botany and natural science".[5]

Triadenum fraseri is closely related to Triadenum virginicum.

Botanists have applied several synonyms in identifying Triadenum fraseri, including:[6][7]

• Elodea fraseri Spach
• Hypericum fraseri (Spach) Steud.
• Hypericum virginicum var. fraseri (Spach) Fernald
• Triadenum virginicum ssp. fraseri (Spach) J. Gillett
• Triadenum virginicum var. fraseri (Spach) Cooperr.

Distribution and habitat

Triadenum fraseri thrives in wetlands habitats of "bogs, marshes, swales, sedgy meadows, moist sandy (even marly) shores, conifer swamps and alder thickets".[2]

The United States Department of Agriculture describes Triadenum fraseri as a native species within the states of Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska (rare), New Hampshire, New Jersey (rare), New York, North Carolina (rare), Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee (rare), Vermont, Virginia (rare), Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, in the United States; and in the provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan (rare), in Canada; and in the French overseas territories of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[6] It is categorized as an "obligate wetland" plant by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, Eastern Mountains and Piedmont, Great Plains, Midwest, Northcentral and Northeast; and Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast regions.[8]

References

1. "Triadenum fraseri", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, 7.1, NatureServe, February 2015, retrieved 28 October 2015
2. Reznicek, A. A.; Voss, E. G.; Walters, B. S., eds. (February 2011). "Triadenum fraseri". Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan Herbarium.
3. Iverson, Louis; Ketzner, David; Karnes, Jeanne, "ILPIN information on Triadenum fraseri", Illinois Plant Information Network, United States Forest Service, retrieved October 28, 2015
4. "Triadenum fraseri", Flora of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison
5. J.C. Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, (53 MB file from archive.org), v. 1, 2nd ed., (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), pp. 119–122, at 120. Retrieved October 28, 2015. Full text and other formats available at archive.org.
6. "Triadenum fraseri", Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA, retrieved October 28, 2015
7. "Triadenum fraseri", Integrated Taxonomic Information System, retrieved October 28, 2015
8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Wetland Plant List, Version 3.2. Retrieved October 28, 2015.