Transall C-160

The Transall C-160 is a military transport aircraft, produced as a joint venture between France and Germany. "Transall" is an abbreviation of the manufacturing consortium Transporter Allianz, comprising the companies of MBB, Aerospatiale, and VFW-Fokker.[1] It was initially developed to meet the requirements for a modern transport aircraft for the French and German Air Forces; export sales were also made to South Africa and to Turkey, as well as a small number to civilian operators.

C-160
C-160 of the German Air Force
Role Military transport aircraft
National origin France/Germany
Manufacturer Transall
First flight 25 February 1963
Introduction 1967
Retired South Africa 1997
Status Active service
Primary users German Air Force
French Air Force
Turkish Air Force
Produced 1965–1985
Number built 214

The C-160 remains in service more than 50 years after the type's first flight in 1963. It has provided logistical support to overseas operations and has served in specialist roles such as an aerial refueling tanker, electronic intelligence gathering, and as a communications platform.

The C-160 is expected to be replaced in French and German service by the Airbus A400M Atlas.[2]

Development

Origins

In the late 1950s, a requirement arose to replace the piston-engined Nord Noratlas transports operated by the air forces of both France (Armée de l'Air) and Germany (Luftwaffe). Keen to encourage industrial co-operation between the two countries, as had happened under a previous arrangement in which Noratlases for German service had been built under license by Weser Flugzeugbau, France and Germany signed an agreement for the development of a Noratlas successor on 28 November 1957. The Italian government also became involved in the project early on to meet their own requirements, however Italy's participation in the fledgling program was soon terminated in favour of the smaller and locally-built Fiat G.222.[3]

The consortium, "Transporter-Allianz" or Transall, was formed in January 1959 between the French company Nord Aviation and the German companies Weser Flugzeugbau (which became Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW) in 1964) and Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) to design and build the new transport.[3][4] The new aircraft was required to carry a 16,000 kilograms (35,000 lb) cargo over a range of 1,720 kilometres (930 nmi; 1,070 mi) or a load of 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) over a range of 4,540 km (2,450 nmi; 2,820 mi) and be able to operate out of semi-prepared airstrips.[5] One prototype was built by each of the production partners, with the first (built by Nord) flying on 25 May 1963, with the VFW and HFB-built prototypes following on 25 May 1963 and 19 February 1964.[6] These were followed by six pre-production examples, stretched by 51 centimetres (20 in) compared with the prototypes, which flew between 1965 and 1966.[7]

Production

Production orders were delayed by attempts by Lockheed to sell its C-130 Hercules transport to Germany; these attempts were rebuffed, and a contract was signed for 160 C-160s (110 for Germany and 50 for France) on 24 September 1964. Manufacturing work was split between Germany and France in line with the number of orders placed; Nord built the wings and engine nacelles, VFW the centre fuselage and horizontal tail, and HFB the forward and rear fuselage. The aircraft's tail fin was to be built by Dornier. Three production lines were set up to assemble these components at each of the three main partners.[4][7]

The first production airframes were delivered to France and Germany from 1967.[7] The first batch included 110 C-160Ds for the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), 50 C-160Fs for the French Air Force, and nine C-160Zs for the South African Air Force. Four C-160Fs were converted to C-160P air mail transport aircraft, and were operated by Air France.[8] Production continued until October 1972.[4]

In July 1977, France placed an order for 25 aircraft to be built to an improved standard.[9] Production work for the new variant was split 50-50 between Aérospatiale (the successor to Nord) and MBB (which had absorbed VFW and HFB), with a single assembly line in Toulouse. The cargo loading door on the port side of the fuselage was replaced by provision for additional fuel tanks in the wing centre section. When fitted these tanks increased fuel capacity from 19,000 litres (4,190 imp gal) to 28,000 litres (6,170 imp gal). The aircraft were also fitted with updated avionics.[10] The first second generation C-160 took flight in 1981.[11] Aircraft produced in this batch included 29 for France (an additional four non-standard aircraft were constructed for special missions), and 6 for Indonesia.[12]

Design

Overview
C-160 on a rough landing strip, 1985

The Transall C-160 is a twin-engine tactical transport featuring a cargo hold, a rear-access ramp beneath an upswept tail, a high-mounted wing and turboprop engines. The C-160 is designed to perform cargo and troop transport duties, aerial delivery of supplies and equipment and is designed to be compatible with international railway loading gauges to simplify cargo logistics and loading.[6] in flight the cargo area is pressurised and kept at a constant temperature by integrated air conditioning systems.[13]

The auxiliary power unit and port-side main landing gear of a Luftwaffe C-160, 2008

Additionally, the landing gear can be partially retracted while on the ground. This lowers the C-160, making it easier to move vehicles into the hold as they don't need to climb a ramp.

One aspect of the C-160 that made the type well suited to tactical operations was the type's short airfield performance; including the ability to perform steep descents of up to 20 degrees and perform landings on airstrips as short as 400 meters.[14] In the airlift role, a later production C-160 could carry up to 8.5 tons across a distance of 5,000 kilometers, and take off from airstrips as short as 700 meters.[15] Dependent upon aircraft configuration, a single aircraft could airdrop as many as 88 paratroopers or transport up to 93 equipped troops.[16]

The C-160 is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Tyne turboprop engines, which drives a pair of four-bladed Dowty Rotol propellers.[6] Advantages of the twin-engine configuration over four include reduced unit and production cost, lower weight and fuel consumption, simplified design and reliability. Each engine is equipped with an auxiliary generator system, providing the aircraft with both electricity and hydraulic pressure.[17] An auxiliary power unit {General Electric CJ610) is used to power the aircraft while on the ground, and for rare use in mid-air emergencies.[18]

Upgrades and improvements

An updated second generation of the C-160 was produced during the 1980s. Amongst changes made, the new variant was equipped with additional fuel tankage, aerial refuelling probes and enhanced avionics.[11] While there were considerable changes to instrumentation, including the navigational and autopilot systems, the second generation C-160 retained the original operating characteristics to simplify crew transfers between types. The second generation C-160s were also designed for potential adaptation to other roles such as maritime patrol and aerial fire fighting.[19]

A German Air Force Transall at ILA 2016

The C-160 proved to be a versatile aircraft, leading to a long operational service life. Between its introduction and 1999, approximately 2000 modifications and upgrades were incorporated upon the type, split 60/40 between the structure and equipment respectively.[20] Many changes were made over time in regards to the aircraft's avionics, incorporating new features such as GPS and laser inertial navigation systems, modern autopilot and crew management systems.[21]

Other improvements and additions to the type include kevlar armour, electronic warfare management systems, chaff/flare dispensers, missile approach warning systems and TCAS collision warning system.[21] Extensive efforts have been made by both France and Germany to extend the aircraft's operating lifespan up to and if necessary beyond 55 years to 2018.[22] In 2003–2004, Germany signed separate contracts with Terma A/S and Northrop Grumman to upgrade the aircraft's electronic warfare self-protection and missile approach warning systems.[23][24]

Operational history
A C-160 performing a steep descent prior to landing, 2005

In April 1976, the French Air Force used 12 C-160s in support of Operation Verveine, airlifting Moroccan troops and equipment to Zaïre during a border conflict with Angola.[25] In May 1978, several C-160s dropped paratroopers of the French Foreign Legion during the Battle of Kolwezi.[25]

In 1977, the French Air Force ordered an updated version designated C-160NG, for Nouvelle Génération ("New Generation"). From 1981, 29 of these aircraft were delivered, half of them configured as tanker aircraft for aerial refuelling. Another four were configured as C-160H Astarté TACAMO aircraft for communication with submerged submarines, a vital component of France's nuclear deterrent system.[11]

In a final conversion, two aircraft were furnished for SIGINT electronic surveillance, designated C-160G Gabriel, replacing the Noratlases that had been in this role previously.[N 1] In routine operations, the C-160Gs would often supplement France's Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft.[26] In 1991, a SIGNIT-equipped C-160G was deployed as part of France's contribution to Coalition forces during and after the Gulf War to support a no-fly zone and embargoing of Iraq.[26]

A pair of French Air Force C-160s flying overhead, 2006

C-160s were in continuous use to support French bases in sub-Saharan Africa; the tanker variants also proved valuable in supporting African operations.[27] The C-160 fleet was the staple of the French military airlift capability for many years, supplemented by small numbers of McDonnell Douglas DC-8s, CASA/IPTN CN-235 and Lockheed C-130 Hercules as of 1990.[15]

During the South African Border War during the late 1980s, the South African Air Force's C-160s were vital for deploying and supplying troops in the border region and into positions in southern Angola due to the otherwise-impassable terrain. The importance of airpower in the war led to a great deal of the fighting being centred upon remote airstrips, both sides trying to gain or deny the same advantageous positions and place stress upon the opposing force's logistical efforts.[28] In one particular mission, a C-160 was used to move a captured SA-8 from Angola to South Africa. The C-160 was chosen for this task over the C-130 because of its larger cargo hold and its ability to lower its hull while on the ground, which facilitated the loading of the heavy vehicle.[29]

The C-160 has been a prominent component of several other international efforts. Germany's C-160 fleet has been used to support peacekeeping efforts in Sudan,[30] a regular detachment of C-160s was also dispatched in support of the multinational International Security Assistance Force presence in the Afghanistan.[31] Both French and German C-160s were used in supporting Operation Serval, the French-led intervention in the Northern Mali conflict.[32][33] For either humanitarian or military purposes, C-160s have conducted extensive operations in a number of nations, including Mauritania, Niger, Chad, Ethiopia, Bosnia, and Lebanon.[34]

A Wiesel combat vehicle being loaded into a C-160 via the rear ramp, 2010

Starting in 1984 onwards, German airframes underwent LEDA I[N 2] and LEDA II life extension measures, which were focused on the wings. Subsequent programs carried out in the 1990s, such as LEDA III, concentrated on the whole structure of the aircraft; raising the airframe life from 8,000 flights to 12,000 flights, and introducing new avionics systems such as a self-defence system and a replacement flight management system.[35]

From 1994 to 1999, all French C-160s underwent an avionics upgrade and the addition of new anti-missile countermeasures. The C-160Fs and NGs so updated were redesignated C-160R (Renové—"renovated"). In 2009, the French Defence Ministry announced a modernisation of the C-160 fleet, enabling it to continue in service until 2018 if required.[36]

In late 2011, it was announced that Germany's Transall fleet had accumulated a combined total of one million flight hours.[37] As of 2012, the global C-160 fleet was approaching the end of its service life; all South African C-160s have already been retired, while the Turkish Air Force continued to operate 20 aircraft obtained from Germany (C-160T). To replace the Transall, the German, French and South African Air Forces ordered 60, 50 and eight Airbus A400Ms, respectively;[38] the South African order was later cancelled.[39]

In 2015, it was announced that the retirement of Germany's Transall fleet had been pushed back from 2018 to 2021 due to delays with the Airbus A400M; until 2021, a decreasing number of aircraft shall remain in service to perform missions that require the Transall's self-protection suite.[40][41]

Variants
A French Air Force Transall C-160R in 2013.
Prototypes
Three prototypes were built, one by each production company.[25]
  • V1 was built by Nord Aviation at Bourges, France and first flew on 25 February 1963.[25]
  • V2 was built by VFW at Lemwerder, Germany and first flew on 25 May 1963[25]
  • V3 was built by HFB at Hamburg-Finkenwerder and first flew on 19 February 1964.[25]
Pre-production
C-160A
Six pre-production aircraft were built for Franco-German trials.[25][42]
Proposed versions
C-160C
Proposed commercial derivative, including a stretched 150-passenger version.[42]

First-generation production
Turkish Air Force Transall C-160D lands at RIAT 2008. This is the support aircraft for the Turkish Stars aerobatic team

The initial production run of 169 aircraft were built by the three companies in France and Germany; Nord built 56 aircraft, VFW built 57 aircraft and HFB/MBB 56 (HFB became part of Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm in 1969 during the production run).[25] All three production lines produced a mixture of aircraft for France and Germany but the South African aircraft were all built by Nord.[25]

C-160D
Production aircraft for the West German Air Force; 110 were built.[25] Twenty of these aircraft were delivered to Turkish Air Force in 1971 as C-160T. A few of the remaining German C-160 were fitted with the self-protection suite called ESS.
C-160F
Production aircraft for the French Air Force; 50 were built.[25]
C-160P
Conversion of four C-160Fs for use by the French Postal Service.[25]
C-160Z
Production aircraft for the South African Air Force; nine were built.[25]

Second-generation production

From 1981 on, some new C-160 reached the wings of Armee de l'Air. The now C-160NG (Nouvelle Generation, New Generation) called aircraft has a fifth fuel tank in the middle of the wing above the fuselage, a refueling probe while the left side cargo door was removed. Some first-production series C-160F were fitted with the NG-versions changes and renamed C-160R (Renové).

Beside these changes, French Air Force introduced the C-160G Gabriel, a version for electronic reconnaissance, easily to distinguish because of the antennas fitted to the aircraft.

Until the early 2000s, also the C-160H Astarte was used, while Astarté (Avion Station Relais de Transmissions Exceptionelles), meaning "airborne relay station for special transmissions", was used for communication with submerged French nuclear submarines.

Operators

Military operators
Fly-by of German Air Force Transall 51+08
A Transall of the German Air Force performing a cargo drop
German paratroopers deploying from an inflight C-160
 France
  • French Air Force – 78
  • 50 C-160F (+ 3 pre-production aircraft) :
    • 61e (61st) Escadre de Transport at Orléans – Bricy Air Base (the wing used a centralised aircraft maintenance system and the Transalls did not carry individual squadron markings)
      • Escadron de transport 1/61 Touraine was the first French squadron which operated the C-160F, from November 1967 to 2012. Now has received its first A-400Ms ;
      • Escadron de transport 2/61 Franche-Comté operated the C-160F from August 1969 to 1988. Now uses the C-130H Hercules ;
      • Escadron de transport 3/61 Poitou has been operating the C-160F since October 1970, and still has some aging planes, due to delays in the development program of the new Airbus A-400M transport aircraft.
  • 25 C-160NG :
    • 64e (64th) Escadre de Transport at Évreux-Fauville Air Base
      • Escadron de transport 1/64 Béarn, has been operating its aircraft since December 1981 ;
      • Escadron de transport 2/64 Anjou, has been operating its aircraft since April 1982 ;
    • Two of these NG variant aircraft have been transformed into the electronic warfare variant C-160G "Gabriel", used in the "Escadron électronique aéroporté 1/54 Dunkerque" (Electronic Warfare Squadron) ;
    • Four NGs have been converted into the C-160H communications relay variant, in use in the "Escadron avion 1/59 Bigorre" (Châteaudun Air Base) between 1988 and 2001. They are now retired and used as spare parts providers ;
    • Between 1973 and 1985, four C-160F have been converted to a C-160P variant, which was used by the Aéropostale company. They are now retired and used as wreckages for firemen training.

Since 1999, all the F and NG aircraft operated in French air forces have been converted to the last upgraded C-160R standard.

 Germany
 Turkey
 South Africa

Civil operators
 Gabon
  • Air Affaires Gabon – a former prototype modified to C-160G standard was sold to Gabon in July 1976.[25]
 Indonesia
 France
  Switzerland
  • Balair – a pre-production aircraft was leased in 1976 to the International Red Cross Committee and operated for them by Balair.[25]

Accidents and incidents
  • 9 February 1975 – (Luftwaffe 50+63 (c/n 85)) While en route to a NATO base on Crete, a German Air Force C-160 entered a heavy storm, causing it to crash into a mountain. All 42 people on board were killed.[44]
  • 11 May 1990 – During a routine flight from Wunstorf a German C-160 of Air Transport Squadron 62 crashed into a hillside near Lohr during bad weather. The ten crew on board were all killed.[45]
  • 22 October 1995 – A German C-160 crashed after takeoff in the Azores when it collided with a telegraph pole; all seven crew on board were killed.[46]
  • 15 June 2001 – A C-160 being operated by Manunggal Air Services experienced engine problems and performed an emergency landing in Indonesia; during the forced landing the C-160 ran off the runway, one of the 16 passengers on board was killed.[47]

Specifications (C-160)
Orthographic projection of a Transall C-160
Transall C-160NG, escadron Anjou, French Air Force
External video
C-160 landing on an autobahn
SAAF C-160 display flight

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83 [48]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3 flight crew + loadmasters
  • Capacity: 16,000 kg (35,274 lb)
  • 93 troops or
  • 61–88 paratroops or
  • 62 stretchers
  • cargo compartment: length 17.20 m (56.4 ft); width 3.15 m (10.3 ft); height 2.98 m (9 ft 9.3 in) [49]
  • Length: 32.4 m (106 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 40 m (131 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 11.65 m (38 ft 3 in)
  • Wing area: 160 m2 (1,700 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 10
  • Empty weight: 27,782 kg (61,249 lb) empty equipped
  • Gross weight: 46,000 kg (101,413 lb) with 17,000 kg (37,479 lb) payload
  • Max takeoff weight: 51,000 kg (112,436 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce RTy.20 Tyne Mk 22 turboprop engines, 4,549 kW (6,100 hp) each
  • Propellers: 4-bladed Ratier Forest-built BAe Type 4/8000/6 fully feathering constant-speed reversible-pitch propellers, 5.486 m (18 ft 0 in) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 513 km/h (319 mph, 277 kn) at4,875 m (15,994 ft)
  • Stall speed: 177 km/h (110 mph, 96 kn) flaps down
  • Never exceed speed: 593 km/h (368 mph, 320 kn)
  • Range: 1,853 km (1,151 mi, 1,001 nmi) with 16,000 kg (35,274 lb) payload, 30 min reserves
  • Service ceiling: 8,230 m (27,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 6.6 m/s (1,300 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 319 kg/m2 (65 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.18 kW/kg (0.11 hp/lb)
gollark: ... Either?
gollark: Maybe check the forums for simple-looking stuff you could make, that might help.
gollark: Maybe make something for, say, sending files between computers, that's a common easy ish project.
gollark: You know, instead of not bothering to/not knowing where to start and bugging people to do it for you.
gollark: As I suggested, do smaller projects until you can tackle a big one.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. The C-160G was designed to, while flying at altitudes between 7,000 and 10,000 meters, intercept communications and radar emissions within a radius of 800 kilometres.[26]
  2. LEDA is a German acronym for Lebensdauerverlängernde Maßnahme, translating to 'life extension measures'.[12]

Citations
  1. Aircraft, compared and contrasted (p.145)
  2. Hewson, R. The Vital Guide to Military Aircraft 2nd edition. London: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2001.
  3. Wilson Flight International 25 April 1968, p. 614.
  4. Pletschacher Air International June 1981, p. 286.
  5. Wilson Flight International 25 April 1968, pp. 614–615.
  6. Wilson Flight International 25 April 1968, p. 615.
  7. Wilson Flight International 25 April 1968, p. 616.
  8. Pletschacher Air International June 1981, p. 289.
  9. Pletschacher Air International June 1981, p. 285.
  10. Pletschacher Air International June 1981, pp. 286–287.
  11. Chant 1987, p. 472.
  12. Blumschein 1999, p. A26-2.
  13. Wache 2004, p. 100.
  14. "Transall – Strategy behind a tactical aircraft" Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 1979.
  15. Rouvez, Coco and Paddack 1994, pp. 96–97.
  16. Rouvez, Coco and Paddack 1994, p. 96.
  17. Wache 2004, p. 96.
  18. Wache 2004, p. 97.
  19. "C-160 "Military – Fixed Wing." Flight International, 15 November 1980. p. 1885.
  20. Blumschein 1999, p. A26-4.
  21. Blumschein 1999, p. A26-4-5.
  22. Blumschein 1999, p. A26-1-3.
  23. "Terma Signs $16 Million Contract With EADS For C-160 EW/Protection Suites.(Brief Article)". Defense Daily. Access Intelligence  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . 18 November 2003. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  24. Fiszer, Michal (1 May 2004). "Luftwaffe Transalls receiving modernized countermeasures suites.(EUROPEAN REPORT)(Northrop Grumman Corp. bags a contract)". Journal of Electronic Defense. Horizon House Publications  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  25. Chillon, Dubois and Wegg 1980, pp. 116–126.
  26. Aid and Wiebes 2001, p. 198.
  27. Rouvez, Coco and Paddack 1994, pp. 97–98.
  28. Johnson, Grissom and Oliker 2008, pp. 217–218.
  29. Dick Lord, 2019, From Fledgling to Eagle: The South African Air Force during the Border War, Chapter 14
  30. "Sudan accuses Israel, Germany of involvement in Darfur conflict". Sudan Tribunal, 22 December 2004.
  31. "German planes begin supply flights for anti-terror campaign, sharing burden with U.S. crews". Associated Press, 26 November 2001.
  32. MÜller, Alberecht. "German Government Wants To Boost Support for Malian Operation." defensenews.com, 7 February 2013.
  33. "Mali: lancement de l'opération Serval, Ministère de la Défense" (in French). Defense. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  34. Wache 2004, pp. 68, 82.
  35. Blumschein 1999, p. A26-1.
  36. Mackenzie, Christina. "France to Upgrade C-160 Transalls." Archived 2013-02-28 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Week, 5 June 2009.
  37. Timo Braam, Alexander Bräutigam. "Transall C-160 erfliegt eine Millionste Flugstunde." Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Luftwaffe.de, 5 October 2011.
  38. Hoyle, Craig. "Europe's Transall turns 50." Archived 2013-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Flight Global, 25 February 2013.
  39. Roberts, Janice. "Airbus refunds A400M payments to Armscor." Moneyweb, 19 December 2011.
  40. Stevenson, Beth. "Germany to join multinational tanker effort." Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 2 December 2015.
  41. "LTG 63 fliegt noch bis 2021 mit Transall." Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Luftwaffe.de, 14 December 2015.
  42. The Observer's Book of Basic Aircraft, William Green, 1968.
  43. Engelbrecht, Leon (2008-11-24). "SAAF to break up C160Z Transall wrecks". defenceWeb. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-02.
  44. "42 Dead In Plane Crash". Playground Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Volume 29, Number 408, 11 February 1975, p. 1.
  45. Ungemach, Johannes. "Transall-Absturz vor 20 Jahren: „Es war furchtbar". Archived 2013-05-28 at the Wayback Machine Mainpost, 10 May 2010.
  46. "Tragfläche berührte einen Mast". Die Welt, 24 October 1995.
  47. "Aircraft accident Transall C-160NG PK-VTQ Wamena Airport". Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine Aviation-Safety.net, 21 September 2011.
  48. Taylor 1982, pp. 119–120.
  49. Transall C-160 Archived 2017-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Military Today. Retrieved 9 September 2017.

Bibliography
  • Aid, Matthew M., and Cees Wiebes. Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-7146-5176-1.
  • Blumschein, P. Transall C-160 Life Extension and Avionics Upgrade Programs. NATO – RTO MP-44, 1999.
  • Chant, Chris. Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. Routledge, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0720-4.
  • Chillon, Jacques. Dubois, Jean-Pierre and Wegg, John. French Postwar Transport Aircraft, Air-Britain, 1980, ISBN 0-8513-0078-2.
  • Johnson, David Eugene., Adam Grissom and Olga Oliker. In the Middle of the Fight: An Assessment of Medium-Armored Forces in Past Military Operations. Rand Corporation, 2008. ISBN 0-8330-4413-3.
  • Pletschacher, Peter. "Transall Resurgent". Air International, Vol. 20 No. 6, June 1981. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 284–289.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
  • Rouvez, Alain and Michael Coco, Jean-Paul Paddack. Disconsolate Empires: French, British and Belgian Military Involvement in Post – Colonial Sub – Saharan Africa. University Press of America, 1994. ISBN 0-8191-9643-6.
  • Wache, Siegfried. Transall C-160 D . In: F-40 Flugzeuge der Bundeswehr. Buchholz, 2004. ISBN 3-9357-6147-3.
  • Wilson, Michael. ""Transall C-160: An exercise in multi-national transport design". Flight International, Vol. 93, No. 3085, 25 April 1968. pp. 614–620.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.