Toroid repeat proteins

A toroid repeat is a protein fold composed of repeating subunits, arranged in circular fashion to form a closed structure.[1][2]

Toroid (closed) tandem repeat domain

Structure

In the case when the N- and C-terminal repeats lie in close physical contact in a tandem repeat domain, the result is a topologically compact, closed structure. Such domains typically display a high rotational symmetry (unlike open repeats that only have translational symmetries), and assume a wheel-like shape. Because of the limitations of this structure, the number of individual repeats is not arbitrary. In the case of WD40 repeats (perhaps the largest family of closed solenoids) the number of repeats can range from 4 to 10 (more usually between 5 and 7).[3] Kelch repeats, beta-barrels and beta-trefoil repeats are further examples for this architecture.

Function

Closed solenoids frequently function as protein-protein interaction modules: it is possible that all repeats must be present to form the ligand-binding site if it is located at the centre or axis of the domain "wheel". The WD40 repeat is a prime example of this function.[4]

Classification

The following major sub-classes of toroid repeat proteins can be found:[1][2]

  1. TIM barrel structures composed of eight units with alternating beta strands and alpha helices
  2. Beta barrel structures composed on a single circular beta sheet
  3. Beta propeller structures composed of beta sheets formed by individual repeat units arranged in a circle, in particular the WD40 repeat and Kelch motif families
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References
  1. Kajava AV (September 2012). "Tandem repeats in proteins: from sequence to structure". Journal of Structural Biology. 179 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.009. PMID 21884799.
  2. Paladin L, Hirsh L, Piovesan D, Andrade-Navarro MA, Kajava AV, Tosatto SC (January 2017). "RepeatsDB 2.0: improved annotation, classification, search and visualization of repeat protein structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D308–D312. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1136. PMC 5210593. PMID 27899671.
  3. Chen CK, Chan NL, Wang AH (October 2011). "The many blades of the β-propeller proteins: conserved but versatile". Trends Biochem. Sci. 36 (10): 553–61. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2011.07.004. PMID 21924917.
  4. Stirnimann CU, Petsalaki E, Russell RB, Müller CW (October 2010). "WD40 proteins propel cellular networks". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 35 (10): 565–74. PMID 20451393.
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