Tornado outbreak of February 10–11, 2009

The tornado outbreak of February 10–11, 2009 occurred on February 10 and February 11, 2009, affecting portions of both the Central and Eastern United States. During the two-day period, 15 tornadoes touched down in seven states. Oklahoma was struck by six tornadoes, the most of any state. The first day of the outbreak produced the most tornadoes; the second brought mainly high wind damage and rain or snow in most of the Northeast.

Tornado outbreak of February 10–11, 2009
Damage in Lone Grove, Oklahoma, caused by an EF4 tornado on February 10
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationFebruary 10–11, 2009
Tornadoes confirmed15 confirmed
Max. rating1EF4 tornado
Duration of tornado outbreak226 hours and 26 minutes
Damage$5.8 million + $12.3 million (non-tornadic)[1]
Casualties8 fatalities (+7 non-tornadic); 46 injuries
Areas affectedCentral and Eastern United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

The storm system responsible for the tornado outbreak resulted from the unusual congruence of a cold, dry system, originating in the Four Corners and a warm, moist system, moving north out of Texas. Complicating factors included daytime heating and a strong wind field favorable to the creation of circulating thunderstorms. On the second day, the stronger cold front limited discrete supercell activity and the risk of tornadoes decreased significantly. A squall line, however, produced high winds and rain along the river valleys, primarily those of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. This squall line continued to renew its energy as it passed through the Midwest, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England, causing wind and water damage, and dumping 6 inches (15 cm) of snow in central and eastern Massachusetts. The resulting power outages affected homes throughout the northeastern seaboard.

The most destructive of the weather events, a long-track EF4 tornado, traveled for nearly an hour through four counties in Oklahoma during the evening of February 10. It destroyed 114 residences in Lone Grove alone. All casualties (8 deaths and 46 injuries) from the outbreak were due to the tornado in the Lone Grove area in Carter County. It was the deadliest tornado to hit Oklahoma since May 3, 1999 and the strongest tornado during the month of February in Oklahoma since 1950.

Meteorological synopsis
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 3 10 1 0 1 0 15

February 10
Convective outlook for February 10, 2009. The unlabelled line indicates areas with greater than 10% probability of thunderstorms on the right side of the arrow direction. The area labelled "SLGT" indicates a "slight" probability of severe weather events, and the "MDT" area indicates a "moderate" probability. The Lone Grove tornado occurred at the western edge of the MDT zone.

During the afternoon hours of February 10, 2009, a strong, middle and upper storm system moved across the Four Corners region into the central and southern Great Plains. A moist, low-level air mass streamed northward across Texas and Louisiana into eastern Oklahoma and the Ozarks ahead of the system. Daytime heating of the moistening boundary layer increased throughout the afternoon across Oklahoma and Texas as cloud cover shifted eastward. Cooling aloft, in conjunction with the approaching storm system, led to atmospheric instability, resulting in thunderstorms. A very strong wind field increased with height through the lower troposphere, resulting in a wind shear favorable for rotation in the thunderstorms.[2]

Meteorologists expected large hail stones and damaging winds, and recognized the potential for strong tornadoes as thunderstorms developed from central Oklahoma southward into north-central Texas in the afternoon. During the night, a cold front moved eastward toward the Mississippi Valley and organized the thunderstorms into a lengthy squall line. Along with a continued threat of hail and tornadoes, the risk of damaging winds increased.[2] The Storm Prediction Center announced a "moderate risk" of severe weather for portions of eastern Oklahoma, northeastern Texas, western Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana.[3]

Tracks of the central Oklahoma tornadoes

At around 1:00 pm CST (19:00 UTC), a line of violent thunderstorms began developing near the Wichita Mountains in Comanche County, Oklahoma. The supercell that eventually produced the first tornado of the outbreak moved northeast through Caddo and Grady counties over the next 30 to 45 minutes, before reaching southeastern Canadian County at around 2:00 pm CST (20:00 UTC).[4] By 2:14 pm CST (20:14 UTC), the line had formed a hook echo, which was fully developed four minutes later. Observers reported wall clouds from the Yukon area into western portions of Oklahoma City during the next 10 to 15 minutes.[4] At 2:36 pm CST (20:37 UTC), the supercell produced a tornado near the Wiley Post Airport in Oklahoma City, causing damage at the Northwest Expressway.[5] According to the Doppler weather radar, the hook continued to show signs of rotation as it moved northeast across Oklahoma County. At 2:52 pm CST (20:52 UTC), the supercell produced its second tornado on the northwestern side of Edmond which caused its most severe damage near the Oklahoma and Logan County line. The tornado dissipated north of the Logan County Line at 3:05 pm CST (21:05 UTC).[4]

The supercell produced three more tornadoes in Oklahoma as it continued to move northeast. The third tornado occurred northwest of Meridian in Logan County at 3:26 pm CST (21:36 UTC). A fourth developed near Langston in Logan County and moved to about 4 mi (6.4 km) southwest of Stillwater in Payne County. The fifth tornado occurred in Pawnee County.[4] In addition to the five Oklahoma tornadoes, three tornadoes struck northern sections of Texas and one tornado hit Springfield, Missouri.[6][7]

The most significant tornado, later named the Lone Grove Tornado, first touched down in southeast Jefferson County, Oklahoma at 6:48 pm CST (00:48 UTC) near the Red River.[8] The tornado crossed through rural areas as it moved to the northeast into Love County, before going into Carter County at 7:10 pm CST (01:10 UTC). The tornado continued moving to the northeast for the next 15 minutes before striking Lone Grove, Oklahoma.[4] The tornado then crossed Interstate 35 just north of the Prairie Valley Road exit ramp and tracked through rural areas of northeastern Carter County to the east of Springer, ending at 7:43 pm CST (01:43 UTC).[8]

February 11

The Storm Prediction Center issued a slight risk warning for February 11. The warning included parts of the Deep South, Ohio Valley, Midwest, and Appalachians. The risk of tornadoes was lower on February 11 due to a stronger front, which limited discrete supercell activity and decreased atmospheric instability.[29] The "slight risk" was later upgraded to a "moderate risk" as a powerful squall line developed.[30]

Notable tornadoes

Edmond, Oklahoma
Edmond, Oklahoma
EF2 tornado
Max. rating1EF2 tornado
DamageUnknown
Casualties4 indirect injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

The second tornado to touch down during the outbreak formed at around 2:52 pm CST (20:52 UTC)[40] about 3 mi (5 km) north-northwest of Edmond, Oklahoma. The tornado traveled towards the northeast,[41] crossing into Logan County and dissipating at 3:05 pm CST (21:05 UTC). Following a survey by the National Weather Service, the tornado was estimated to have been about 75 yd (70 m) wide and was rated as an EF2.[40] Most of the downtown residences were left without power after the tornado struck the area around 2:59 pm CST (20:59 UTC). Ten minutes earlier, tornado sirens were sounded as a tornado warning was issued for the area. Students who were being taken home by bus at the time were immediately taken to the nearest school for shelter.[42] The schools were placed in lockdown for about two hours following the tornado sirens.[43] In Edmond, six homes were destroyed, eight structures received major damage, 51 received minor damage and another 166 structures were affected.[44] Some of the homes damaged by the tornado were estimated to be worth over $1 million.[45] The Oak Tree Golf Club sustained severe damage, with numerous trees being uprooted.[46] Hundreds of trees were uprooted or significantly damaged along the tornado's path.[47] In Oklahoma County, the tornado left an estimated 28,500 people without power. Monetary damage numbers were not available.[9]

Lone Grove, Oklahoma
Lone Grove, Oklahoma
EF4 tornado
Radar image of the supercell thunderstorm as it neared Lone Grove.
Max. rating1EF4 tornado
Highest winds
  • 170 mph (270 km/h)
Damage$3 million (2009 USD)
Casualties8 fatalities, 46 injuries
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

At 6:48 pm CST (00:48 UTC), a large, violent wedge tornado – a tornado that is wider than the distance from ground to cloud base[48] – touched down near the Red River, along the Texas-Oklahoma border.[8] It crossed through Jefferson and Love counties before entering Carter County where it proceeded to slam into Lone Grove.[49] The tornado dissipated at 7:43 pm CST (01:43 UTC) after remaining on the ground for nearly an hour and traveling an estimated 35 mi (56 km).[8] After an assessment by the National Weather Service office in Norman, Oklahoma, the tornado was rated as an EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale with winds reaching an estimated 170 mph (270 km/h).[50]

The Lone Grove tornado was the deadliest to strike Oklahoma since May 3, 1999,[51] and the strongest tornado during the month of February in Oklahoma since 1950.[11] The previous strongest were two F3 tornadoes which touched down on February 17, 1961.[52]

Preliminary track of the tornado

The tornado destroyed businesses and residences across a swath over 0.5 mi (0.80 km) wide and 35 mi (56 km) long. In Lone Grove alone, buildings were thrown off their slabs and the local chamber of commerce office was flattened.[49] The tornado destroyed a furniture store, and shattered the glass lobby of the local UPS building.[49][53][54] The destruction of a mobile home park containing 40 homes left close to 100 people homeless.[54][55] One mobile home was thrown 100 yd (91 m) from its foundation. A total of 114 residences were destroyed in Lone Grove.[56]

To the east of Lone Grove, the area north of Ardmore was also hard hit. Several buildings, including those of the Beaver Academy[49] and the Ardmore Adventist Academy, were destroyed.[57] Although damage centered on the Ardmore Academy gymnasium, most of the campus was considered a total loss.[58] In Ardmore, eight homes were destroyed and another 20 sustained damage.[59]

Eight people were confirmed dead as a result of the tornado. Seven of these fatalities were in the town of Lone Grove; most were determined to have been caused by "blunt-force trauma to the head".[54][60] Three of the victims were found inside their homes and two were found outside. A victim found in an open field was reportedly picked up and thrown by the tornado, and died on impact with the ground. One victim was crushed when a pickup truck fell on him; similarly, a truck driver died after being pinned under his vehicle on Interstate 35.[54][61] Two other victims, the parents of a 13-year-old girl, were killed when the tornado picked the three of them out of their home and threw them 400 ft (120 m).[62] Three people were rescued after being trapped in the ruins of their home for almost a day. Officials stated that 10 to 15 people remained unaccounted for on the night of February 12 but they were presumed to have left the area.[53] An additional 46 people were injured.[54] Total monetary damages from the tornado were estimated at $3 million.[63]

Non-tornadic events

During the evening of February 10, a long line of severe thunderstorms developed along the tail-end of a cold front in central Texas. Meteorologists predicted embedded supercell thunderstorms that could produce hail up to 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter and wind gusts up to 90 mph (140 km/h).[64] North of the squall line, bow echo thunderstorms developed in Missouri, causing widespread wind damage.[65] By the morning of February 11, the squall line reached as far southeast as eastern Louisiana, where winds were recorded in excess of 70 mph (110 km/h) along with hail up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter.[66] Around 12 pm EST (17:00 UTC), the first line of thunderstorms significantly weakened, but a new, narrow line developed in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee.[67] A strong, deep layer wind field prevented a number of tornadoes from forming but instead caused widespread wind damage.[68] Throughout the day, the line of low-topped thunderstorms continued eastward, reaching Ohio and West Virginia by 4 pm EST (21:00 UTC).[69] Several hours later, the line broke apart, with the strongest storms tracking through Pennsylvania.[70] By February 12, rain showers, accompanied by high winds up to 60 mph (97 km/h), affected most of the Northeastern United States.[71]

Power outages by state
State Power outages Source
Alabama 2,380+ [72]
Arkansas 315,324 [73]
Connecticut 8,486 [74]
Delaware 4,600 [75]
Illinois 14,590 [74]
Indiana 70,695 [74]
Kentucky 161,588 [74]
Louisiana 12,000 [76]
Massachusetts 360+ [77]
Maryland 50,820 [74]
Michigan 57,000 [78]
Missouri 7,629 [79]
New Jersey 93,816 [74]
New York 84,624 [74]
Ohio 585,775 [74]
Oklahoma 61,000 [80][63][81]
Pennsylvania 400,000+ [82]
Tennessee 74,052 [74]
Texas 15,000 [83]
Virginia 28,059 [74]
West Virginia 225,000 [84]
Total 2,272,798+

Oklahoma

In addition to the strong tornadoes, Oklahoma was affected by high winds and large hail. The hail, measuring up to 4.5 inches (11 cm) in diameter, caused significant damage in Okesa. Numerous cars were hit and several houses sustained roof damage; the cost of the hail damage was estimated at $100,000 in the town.[85] Heavy rains produced by the storms also caused isolated flooding, inundating numerous streets with several feet of water.[86] Lightning also produced damage in the state, with one bolt striking an oil tank, igniting a fire. The fire severely damaged the tank, leaving $13,000 in damages.[87] Throughout the state, an estimated 61,000 people lost power: 29,000 lost power due to thunderstorms [81] and 32,000 due to tornadoes.[9][63] In Mississippi, strong winds on the backside of the cold front blew a metal roof off a power company building, bringing down several trees and power lines.[88][89] Damages in the state amounted to $35,000.[90]

A line of severe thunderstorms in Texas on February 10

Texas
Weather radar loop of a severe thunderstorm near Mineola, Texas

Strong straight-line winds near 70 mph (110 km/h) caused significant damage in Hamilton County, Texas. A barn sustained severe damage and a home lost most of its roof. 80 mph (130 km/h) wind destroyed a small outbuilding and carried debris about 1.5 mi (2.4 km) north. A trailer near Hamilton Municipal Airport was broken off its moorings and moved 20 ft (6 m). Several mobile homes near Hamilton sustained damage after tree limbs fell on them. In Huron, several outbuildings were damaged or destroyed and a permanent building was damaged at a youth retreat center.[91] An estimated 15,000 residences were without power following the storms in Texas.[83] One home in McGregor was destroyed by the winds. The three people who lived in the home, one of whom was a child, all sustained injuries. The father had a few broken ribs and several scratches, injuries sustained during a search for his son.[92] In Louisiana, 12,000 residences lost power due to the storm system.[76] Two wildfires were sparked in Kenedy County and Kleberg County, burning 300 and 20 acres (121.4 and 8.1 ha) respectively. The larger of the two fires was along Texas State Highway 77. The second fire burned three homes and threatened 20 others.[93][94]

Arkansas

In Arkansas, high winds produced by the squall line knocked out power to 315,324 residences and caused widespread structural damage.[73] Trees and power lines were brought down in eight counties, and several homes in Independence and Van Buren County sustained damage.[71] The damage in these counties was caused by winds gusting up to 57 mph (92 km/h) and leaving $200,000 in damages.[95][96] An 80 mph (130 km/h) wind gust in Van Buren blew a barn onto Arkansas Highway 9. Hundreds of trees were blown down, many of which fell on homes, causing widespread damage which amounted to approximately $625,000.[97][98] In Conway County, a sawmill and two barns were destroyed, while several homes and a church also sustained damage, mainly roof damage. Damages in the county were estimated at $300,000.[99] Numerous homes sustained wind damage and two mobile homes and a recreational vehicle were overturned. Damages in the county were estimated at $750,000.[100] Total damages throughout the state were estimated at $2.4 million.[90] Seven people sustained injuries in the state.

Ohio

In Ohio, 70 mph (110 km/h) wind gusts led to a highway accident that killed a truck driver.[101] The high winds also caused significant damage throughout the state.[102] Heavy rains produced by the same system inundated several streets in flood-prone towns in Ohio.[102] In Scioto County, the high winds destroyed a brick house and brought down power lines.[103] The most significant damage resulted from the strong pressure gradient behind the frontal system. Thousands of tree were knocked down or uprooted by winds gusting in excess of 75 mph (121 km/h),[104] cutting power to 585,775 residences.[74] Ten railroad cars were knocked off their tracks near Shelby. Several hundred homes lost shingles and gutters due to the winds. Wind also overturned two semi-trailers, though the drivers of both vehicles were unharmed. A vacant school building in Epworth lost its entire roof.[105] Some windows were damaged or broken by flying debris or fallen trees. Power outages forced numerous schools to close for at least two days following the storm.[106] A large barn was leveled just north of Brighton in Lorain County by 64 mph (103 km/h) winds.[107] Throughout the state, damages from the storm system amounted to $4.7 million.[90]

Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Michigan
Tree damage from the EF1 tornado in Tennessee

In Missouri, high winds caused widespread damage and knocked out power to 7,629 residences. Several homes and businesses lost their windows due to 65 mph (105 km/h) wind gusts produced within squall lines.[79][108] In Huntsville, Alabama, a car carrying four people lost control on rain-slicked roads and crashed into a van, killing one of the occupants and injuring the other three.[109] Another fatality occurred in Kentucky when a utility worker was knocked over by high winds and fell 30 ft (9.1 m) to his death while trying to restore power.[101] Following the widespread power outages from a severe ice storm, an additional 161,588 residences lost power due to 60 mph (97 km/h) winds.[74] Flooding and high winds in Michigan knocked out power to about 57,000 residences.[78] In southern Michigan, upwards of 0.8 inches (2.0 cm) of rain fell, leading to faster snowmelt.[110] In Tennessee, several structures were damaged and numerous trees were knocked down, closing roads throughout the state as the squall line tracked eastward.[33] A total of 74,052 residences lost power due to the winds.[74] Winds gusting up to 85 mph (137 km/h) caused substantial damage in Rutherford County. Several commercial buildings had major roof damage, leaving $150,000 in damages.[111] Throughout Tennessee, damages from the storm system were estimated at $1.1 million.[90]

Iowa, Indiana and Virginia

In Iowa, heavy rains triggered rapid snowmelt, causing isolated flooding. Only minor impacts resulted from the flooding and total damages from the event was estimated at $25,000.[112] A total of 14,590 residences lost power in Indiana.[74] Several large trees were brought down by high winds, one of which fell on a home in South Bend, leaving $50,000 in damages.[113] In the town of Carmel, a total of 2.75 inches (70 mm) of rain fell, the highest in the state. The heavy rains, in combination with unseasonably warm temperatures, led to significant snowmelt and flooding.[114] The highest wind gust recorded in the state was 80 mph (130 km/h) in Crawford County.[115] A total of 70,695 residences lost power in Illinois.[74] Rainfall up to 4 inches (100 mm) fell throughout most of the state. Several major roadways were covered in flood waters. The Little Wabash River overflowed its banks and inundated nearby roads.[116] Along Illinois Route 1, a large tree blocked a section of the road near Georgetown. The fallen tree resulted in a vehicle accident but the driver was unharmed.[117] One person was killed by high winds in Davy, West Virginia when a gymnasium roof collapsed.[118] Throughout the state, power was knocked out to an estimated 225,000 residences.[84] In Montgomery County, Virginia, winds knocked down power lines which sparked two brush fires, one of which burned a total of 12 acres (4.9 ha).[119] Winds up to 65 mph (105 km/h) cut power to 28,059 residences in the state.[74] The strong winds also cut power to 50,820 residences in Maryland.[74]

Western Pennsylvania and Chesapeake watershed

Hurricane-force wind gusts up to 92 mph (148 km/h) caused significant damage and power losses in Pennsylvania.[102] Throughout the state, at least 400,000 residences lost power due to the winds. Allegheny Power stated that the loss of power due to this system was the largest ever experienced by the company. Thousands of trees and power lines were brought down by strong winds and numerous homes sustained significant damage.[82] Although most of the damage to homes consisted of shingle damage, several homes lost gutters and had portions of their siding blown off.[120]

In Pottstown, a large portion of the roof of a four-story building was blown off, forcing residents to evacuate the building. An 18 ft (5.5 m) pillar was knocked down at the First Moravian Church in Easton. In Northampton County, a fire sparked by fallen power lines destroyed a barn and partially melted a nearby metal shed. The blaze was fully contained by 40 firefighters. Another fire sparked by fallen power lines destroyed a garage in Lower Merion Township. In Philadelphia, the roof of a portable classroom began to peel off, forcing the forty students inside to evacuate to a safer structure. A large tree fell through one house and severely damaged the roof of a nearby home. Numerous major highways and local streets were shut down for several hours to allow cleanup crews to clear debris.[121] Throughout the state, damages from the storm system amounted to $3.7 million.[90]

New York

In upstate New York, winds in excess of 50 mph (80 km/h) shattered windows, toppled numerous trees, and brought down power lines, cutting power to more than 50,000 residences.[122][123] Unseasonably warm temperatures and heavy rains from the storm system increased the snowmelt rate in northern areas of the state. In Genesee County, an estimated 2 to 5 inches (5.1 to 12.7 cm) of the snowpack melted, triggering flash floods along several rivers. The Tonawanda Creek reached a height of 14.38 ft (4.38 m), 2.38 ft (0.73 m) above flood stage. Several homes were inundated by flood waters throughout the region.[124] In all, 84,624 residences lost power in New York State.[74] The storm system continued producing gusty winds through February 12, which caused tree damage and power outages, and killed a construction worker in the New York City metropolitan area.[125] The construction worker was killed after a cinder block wall collapsed due to high-winds. Winds in the city gusted to 65 mph (105 km/h) in the Bronx. Throughout Long Island, an estimated 4,000 people lost power.[126]

New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts

In New Jersey, strong winds gusted up to 55 mph (89 km/h), bringing down tree limbs that killed two people.[127] A total of 93,816 residences were also left without power at the height of the storm.[74] High winds on the backside of the storm brought down a power line that sparked a small fire in Galloway Township, burning a total of 40 acres (16 ha).[128] A total of 8,486 Connecticut residences were left without power and one boy was injured after high winds damaged numerous power lines and tree limbs.[74][129] In Massachusetts, gusts up to 55 mph (89 km/h) brought down several trees and cut power to residences in Middleborough, Boston, Brookline and Hingham.[130] The Western Massachusetts Electric Company reported that at least 360 residences lost power during the storm.[77] Moderate snow fell across portions of The Berkshires late on February 12 as the storm system began entering the Atlantic Ocean, while isolated areas received upwards of 6 inches (15 cm).[131]

Aftermath
Wind damage in Jamestown, Kentucky

In the wake of the tornado outbreak law enforcement officers, including 30 national guard troops, were sent to Lone Grove to provide security.[132][133] The American Red Cross opened shelters in Ardmore, Edmond, and Oklahoma City. About 100 volunteers from the Sorghum Mill Estates Neighborhood Association traveled to affected areas in Edmond to help with cleanup efforts. A local restaurant provided free meals to the volunteers as they assisted relief workers.[47] The Salvation Army had two canteens in Oklahoma City, one in Lone Grove, and one in Perkins.[134] About 2,000 meals, drinks, and snacks were provided by the Salvation Army to emergency responders. Feed the Children sent two truckloads of relief supplies to Carter County.[135] They also sent three food trucks, containing a total of 619 meals, 900 drinks, and about 500 snacks, to Ardmore.[136] On February 22, the New Life Baptist Church sent drinks and prepackaged snacks, along with items needed for clean-up.[137] Baptist Disaster Relief assisted in Lone Grove with food and emotional care.[134] The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) gave away two tickets to anyone who made a donation of $25 or an equivalent amount of food to benefit victims of the tornado.[138] A concert featuring Chris Cagle and other local musicians at Heritage Hall in Ardmore raised over $18,000 to benefit Carter County tornado victims.[139][140] Another concert set up by the Salvation Army raised $2,300 more for victims.[140]

The Governor of Oklahoma Brad Henry declared a State of Emergency in 17 counties and described the outbreak as the worst natural disaster he had seen since becoming governor.[141] On February 15, President Obama approved Henry's request for federal assistance in Carter, Logan and Oklahoma counties.[142] A disaster recovery center was set up by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) on February 20. Homeowners were allowed to borrow $200,000 to repair damages to their home or find a temporary or permanent shelter. They were also allowed to borrow up to $40,000 to replace lost property. Businesses were allowed to borrow up to $2 million for damage repair, property loss, and economic loss.[143] By February 23, about $781,000 had been given in federal grants.[144] On February 25, FEMA approved Governor Henry's request for public assistance in Carter, Coal and Love counties.[145] The estimated cost to clear the 7,000 tons of debris in Lone Grove was placed at $500,000, of which $90,000 has been paid for by FEMA.[146] The Department of Homeland Security offered to assist with the reconstruction of homes and businesses and to support those who were left homeless. President Barack Obama passed along his condolences and best wishes to the victims of the tornado.[132]

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See also

References
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