Tom Bridges

Lieutenant General Sir George Tom Molesworth Bridges KCB KCMG DSO (20 August 1871 – 26 November 1939) known as Sir Tom Bridges, was a British military officer and the 19th Governor of South Australia.

Lieutenant General Sir Tom Bridges KCB, KCMG, DSO
Sir Tom Bridges in 1918
19th Governor of South Australia
In office 4 December 1922 – 4 December 1927
Monarch	George V
Premier	Henry Barwell (1922–24) John Gunn (1924–26) Lionel Hill (1926–27) Richard Butler (1927)
Preceded by	Sir Archibald Weigall
Succeeded by	Sir Alexander Hore-Ruthven
Personal details
Born	George Tom Molesworth Bridges (1871-08-20)20 August 1871 Eltham, Kent
Died	26 November 1939(1939-11-26) (aged 68) Brighton, East Sussex
Nationality	British
Relations	Robert Bridges (uncle)
Children	Alvilde Chaplin
Profession	British Army officer
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	British Army
Years of service	1892–1922
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands	19th (Western) Division
Battles/wars	Second Boer War First World War Battle of Mons Battle of Passchendaele Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
Awards	Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Distinguished Service Order Mentioned in Despatches

Bridges had a distinguished military career, seeing service in Africa, India, South Africa, and most notably Europe in the First World War, where he was involved in the first British battle of the war at Mons, and later commanded a division at The Somme and Passchendaele. After the First World War, he served in Greece, Russia, the Balkans, and Asia Minor. He was Governor of South Australia from 1922–27.

Early life

Bridges was born at Park Farm, Eltham, Kent, England, to Major Thomas Walker Bridges and Mary Ann Philippi.[1] He was educated at Newton Abbot College and later at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was married in London on 14 November 1907, to a widow, Janet Florence Marshall; they had one daughter, Alvilde Bridges, who was married first to Anthony Chaplin, 3rd Viscount Chaplin, and then to James Lees-Milne.[2][3]

Military career

After graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Bridges joined the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 19 February 1892, and soon served in India and Nyasaland (now Malawi). He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1895, and was seconded to the Central Africa Regiment from July to November 1899, when he transferred to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War. Attached to the Imperial Light Horse, he took part in the relief of Ladysmith, and received the rank of captain supernumerary to the establishment on 5 April 1900. For a few months in 1901 he was in command of two West Australian Mounted infantry contingents, and was severely wounded.[4][1] He was confirmed as captain in the Royal Artillery on 8 January 1902,[5] and served in South Africa till the end of the war in June 1902, after which he left Cape Town in the SS Plassy in August, returning to Southampton the following month.[6] For his war service, he was mentioned in despatches (including the final despatch by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902,[7]) and received a brevet promotion as major on 22 August 1902.[8] Later that year saw him leave United Kingdom for Berbera,[9] where he took charge of Guns in a Flying Column serving in Somaliland. In 1908, he became the chief instructor at the Cavalry School at Netheravon. Seeking a more rapid promotion in the army, Bridges transferred to the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in 1909, attaining the substantive rank of major. He was appointed military attaché to the Low Countries and Scandinavia between 1910 and 1914.

Early in World War I, Bridges was involved in the Battle of Mons, where he suffered a shattered cheekbone and concussion. During the British Army's retreat, he met two battalions of exhausted British soldiers at Saint Quentin, whose officers planned to surrender to save the town from bombardment. In a celebrated incident on 27 August, the injured Bridges used a tin whistle and toy drum purchased from a toy shop[10] to rally the men and led them to rejoin General French's army. In October, French flew Bridges to the besieged Belgian city of Antwerp to provide intelligence there for the British headquarters.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1915 and given command of the 19th (Western) Division of the New Army, which was demoralised after severe casualties at the Battle of Loos.[10] In 1916 he was promoted to major general. He set about turning the 19th Division into an efficient fighting unit, purging the senior officers. The division was in reserve on the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme, and thus avoided serious casualties. It acquitted itself well in the small subsequent attacks around La Boiselle in July.[10]

Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales and Major-General Tom Bridges, GOC of the 19th (Western) Division (in centre), after inspection of the 8th (Service) Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment near Beaussart, 1 February 1917.

In 1917, Bridges was sent on the Balfour Mission, military liaison to the United States under Arthur Balfour, soon after the Americans entered the war, to coordinate the sending of American soldiers to Europe.[11] He ran into some difficulty because, like most British generals and politicians, he pushed for the amalgamation or incorporation of Americans into understrength British units to be commanded by British officers. This caused much friction as the American general staff felt that US troops should be commanded by US officers.

Bridges returned in time to lead his division at Passchendaele in 1917. He was severely injured on 20 September at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge, losing a leg. However he recovered quickly, and after a brief stint as head of the trench warfare department of Churchill's Ministry of Munitions, was sent back to Washington to coordinate the dispatch of American reinforcements to the Western Front. The rate of reinforcements was soon increased threefold.[10]

Subsequently, Bridges was appointed to liaison missions to Greece, the Balkans, and Russia (where he was responsible for the evacuation of the British Mission and the remains of the anti-Bolshevik White Army from Novorossiysk in March 1920). His final active service was in Greece, fighting against the Turks in Asia Minor.[1][10]

After the war, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1919) and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1925). His uncle, the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges, also honoured him with an ode To His Excellency.[1]

Governor of South Australia

Bridges in 1927

Bridges was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1922, at the instigation of his friend Winston Churchill. Bridges arrived in Adelaide in December of the same year.

Bridges was a conservative governor, defending capital punishment, supporting the Legislative Council, and denouncing "unemployables". He was also popular with returned servicemen. His speeches were dominated mostly by denouncements of Bolshevism, and promotion of immigration. He was scornful of the Prohibition movement, and created a political storm by addressing a licensed victualler's dinner, entertaining them with G. K. Chesterton drinking songs and other hilarious prohibition stories.[1]

Bridges became frustrated with the Labor ministries of 1924–27. He was particularly angered by Premier John Gunn's publishing of a secret memorandum of a former premier to the governor. When he was offered a second term as governor in 1927 he refused it, and returned to London that year.[1]

Retirement

Bridges devoted his retirement to painting and writing. He published several books:

• Alarms and excursions: reminiscences of a soldier (Longmans & Co, London, 1938)
• compiler, Word from England: an anthology of prose and poetry (English Universities Press, London, 1940)
• Friedrich Adam Julius von Bernhardi, Cavalry in war and peace translated from the German by Major George Tom Molesworth Bridges (Hugh Rees, London, 1910)

He had also studied at the Slade School of Fine Art, and was an accomplished painter. He held many one-man exhibitions in Adelaide and London where his oils and watercolours were sold.[1]

He died at 12 Dyke Road, Brighton, on 26 November 1939.[10]

Memorial to Tom Bridges in St Nicholas-at-Wade, Kent

References

1. P. A. Howell. "Bridges, Sir George Tom Molesworth (1871–1939)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
2. Lt.-Gen. Sir George Tom Molesworth Bridges – The Peerage, page 4570
3. Bloch, Michael (2013-08-06). James Lees-Milne: The Life (Kindle Locations 3174–3175).
4. Hart′s Army list, 1903
5. "No. 27441". The London Gazette. 10 June 1902. p. 3751.
6. "The Army in South Africa – Troops returning home". The Times (36856). London. 26 August 1902. p. 4.
7. "No. 27459". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. pp. 4835–4840.
8. "No. 27490". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6899.
9. "The Somaliland Operations". The Times (36913). London. 31 October 1902. p. 5.
10. William Philpott. "Bridges, Sir (George) Tom Molesworth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
11. "BRIDGES, George Tom Molesworth (1871–1939), Lieutenant General". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Retrieved 14 April 2013.

Government offices
Preceded by Sir Archibald Weigall	Governor of South Australia 1922–1927	Succeeded by Sir Alexander Hore-Ruthven
Military offices
Preceded by William Edward Marsland	Colonel of the 5th Dragoon Guards 1920–1922	Regiment consolidated
Preceded by Formed from the 5th Dragoon Guards and the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons	Colonel of the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards 1922–1937	Succeeded by Roger Evans