Tirunelveli district

Tirunelveli district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is the largest district in terms of area with Tirunelveli as its headquarters. The district was formed on 1 September 1790[2][3] by the British East India Company (on behalf of the British government), and comprised the present Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi, Tenkasi and parts of Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram district. As of 2011, the undivided district (along with Tenkasi) had a population of 3,077,233

This article is about the road district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Tirunelveli.

Tirunelveli district

District of Tamil Nadu
Thamirabarani River from Authoor Bridge
Nickname(s): 
Halwa City
Location in Tamil Nadu
Coordinates: 8.65°N 77.383°E / 8.65; 77.383
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
District formed onSeptember 1, 1790 (1790-09-01)
HeadquartersTirunelveli
TalukasAmbasamudram, Nanguneri, Palayamkottai, Radhapuram, Tirunelveli, Cheranmahadevi, Manur, Thisayanvilai
Government
 • TypeDistrict Administration
 • BodyTirunelveli District Collectorate
 • CollectorShilpa Prabhakar Satish, IAS
 • Superintendent of PoliceOmprakash Meena, I.P.S.
Area
 • Total3,907 km2 (1,509 sq mi)
Area rank1
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total3,077,233
 • Density410.5/km2 (1,063/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
627***
Telephone code0462
Vehicle registrationTN-72 (Tirunelveli City) and TN-72A (Valliyur Region) and TN-76A (Ambasamudram)
Coastline48.9 kilometres (30.4 mi)
Largest cityTirunelveli
Sex ratioM-49%/F-51% ♂/♀
Literacy82.90% (2011)
Legislature typeelected
Legislature Strength5
Precipitation814.8 millimetres (32.08 in)
Avg. summer temperature37 °C (99 °F)
Avg. winter temperature22 °C (72 °F)
Websitewww.nellai.tn.nic.in

History
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901982,363—    
19111,061,965+0.78%
19211,154,547+0.84%
19311,242,552+0.74%
19411,376,604+1.03%
19511,547,268+1.18%
19611,677,309+0.81%
19711,972,220+1.63%
19812,203,462+1.11%
19912,481,880+1.20%
20012,703,492+0.86%
20113,077,233+1.30%
source:[4]

Under the rule of the Pandyan Dynasty, the district was known as Thenpandiyanadu. The Chola dynasty then named it Mudikonda Cholamandalam. The Madurai Nayaks called it Tirunelveli Seemai. Under the British East India Company, it was Tinnevelly district, which included the modern Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and parts of the Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram districts.

In 1910, Ramanathapuram District was formed from portions of the Madurai and Tirunelveli Districts, which comprised portions of the modern Virudhunagar District.

After the Independence of India, Tirunelveli District was bifurcated on 20 October 1986 to Nellai-Kattabomman district (Tirunelveli) and Chidambaranar district (Tuticorin). Subsequently, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to name each district according to the name of the headquarters town, so the region's name changed from Tirunelveli-Kattabomman to Tirunelveli.[5]

On 18 July 2019 the district was again bifurcated to form a new Tenkasi district with Tenkasi as its district capital.

Geography
The Agasthiyamalai hills cut off Tirunelveli from the southwest monsoon, creating a rainshadow region.
Podhigai mountain's shadow falling on Poovankurichi lake.

The district is located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. It has borders with Tenkasi district to the north, Kanyakumari District to the south and Thoothukudi District to the east and Thiruvananthapuram district and Kollam district of Kerala to the west. The district covers an area of 3,907 square kilometres (1,509 sq mi). It lies between 8°05' and 9°30' north latitude and 77°05' and 78°25' east longitude.

Climate

Tirunelveli has rainfall in all seasons (953.1 millimetres (37.52 in) in 2005 and 2006), and benefits from both the northeast and southwest monsoons. Most precipitation came from the northeast monsoon (548.7 millimetres (21.60 in)) followed by the southwest monsoon (147.8 millimetres (5.82 in)) and summer rains (184.2 millimetres (7.25 in)). The district is irrigated by several rivers originating in the Western Ghats, such as the Pachaiyar River, which flows into the perennial Tambaraparani River. The Tambaraparani and Manimuthar Rivers have many dams, with reservoirs providing water for irrigation and power generation. The Tamiraparani River provides consistent irrigation to a large agricultural area.[6]

Administration and politics

Tirunelveli is the Administration centre of Tirunelveli District. It is a part of the Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency.

Revenue Divisions

Taluks
  • The division of the district was formerly the taluka

New Proposals for taluks

Assembly Consistuencies

Since, Tenkasi District was bifurcated from Tirunelveli District, Tirunelveli District has only one Lok Sabha constituency and seven Assembly constituencies.

Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency):

  1. Alangulam
  2. Tirunelveli
  3. Palayamkottai
  4. Ambasamudram
  5. Nanguneri
  6. Radhapuram

Demographics
Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 78.82%
Christian
 
 11.85%
Muslim
 
 9.12%
Sikh
 
 0.008%
Buddhist
 
 0.012%
Other
 
 0.17%

According to 2011 census, Tirunelveli district(undivided) had a population of 3,077,233 with a sex-ratio of 1,023 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[7] A total of 321,687 were under the age of six, constituting 164,157 males and 157,530 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 18.51% and 0.33% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 73.88%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[7] The district had a total of 815,528 households. There were a total of 1,436,454 workers, comprising 107,943 cultivators, 321,083 main agricultural labourers, 215,667 in house hold industries, 626,714 other workers, 165,047 marginal workers, 7,772 marginal cultivators, 58,680 marginal agricultural labourers, 23,997 marginal workers in household industries and 74,598 other marginal workers.[8]

As per the religious census of 2011, Tirunelveli District had 78.82% Hindus, 9.85% Muslims, 11.12% Christians, 0.008% Sikhs, 0.012% Buddhists and 0.17% belonging to other Beliefs & Groups.[9]

Infrastructure

The district is well-connected by a network of roads and railways. Tirunelveli city serves as the main junction. It has no airports; the nearest airports are at Tuticorin (32 kilometres (20 mi) away), Madurai (150 kilometres (93 mi)) and Thiruvananthapuram (158 kilometres (98 mi)). The district has a total of 27 railway stations. The tables below list the lengths of roads and railways in the district.[10]

RoadsNational highwaysState highwaysCorporation and Municipalities RoadsPanchayat Union and Panchayat RoadTown Panchayat and Townships RoadOthers (forest roads)
Length (km.)174.824442.8391,001.541,254.10 and 1,658.35840.399114.450
RailwaysRoute length (km)Track length (km)
Broad gauge257.000495.448
Meter gauge0.0000.000

Canals, wells, tanks and reservoirs are the sources of irrigation in the district. As of 2005–2006, the district had a total of 151 canals with a length of 499 kilometres (310 mi), 85,701 irrigation wells, 640 tube wells, eight reservoirs and 2,212 tanks. The district also has 21,776 wells used for domestic purposes.

Electricity is provided by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).[10] The district has hydroelectric power plants and windmills, with an installed capacity of 1,089.675 megawatt-hours (3,922.83 GJ); it is one of the major producers of wind energy in the state.

The Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant project is being undertaken (with Russian aid) at the village of Koodankulam, 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-east of Kanyakumari. Koodankulam also has windmills used for power generation with installed capacity of 2,000 MW.

Education and social development

Tirunelveli district has a literacy rate of 76.97%, which is above the state average. As of 2005–2006, the district had a total of 2,494 schools. It has one University, the Manonmaniam Sundaranar University (MSU). There are also four Government colleges, eleven Government-sponsored colleges and seven private colleges.[10]

Tirunelveli has 25 Arts and Science colleges, 3 Medical colleges, 20 Engineering colleges and a Law school. There are 1,501 Primary schools, 431 Middle schools and 185 Higher secondary schools.

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, which was established in 1990, has a network of 102 affiliated colleges. In 1878, there were two colleges in the district: the Madurai Diraviam Thayumanavar Hindu College and St. John's College. The first college for women, Sarah Tucker college was established in 1895. Of the 17 arts colleges in the district, eight are co-educational institutions, five are for women and four for men. The colleges in Tirunelveli district were originally affiliated with the University of Madras. Upon the creation of Madurai Kamaraj University in 1966, they were affiliated with MKU from 1966 to 1990. In 1990, their affiliation transferred to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. The Regional Directorate of the Collegiate Education in the district was formed on 10 September 1979 to regulate colleges in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari districts. In 1996, the Government Law College, Tirunelveli was established. Tirunelveli Medical College and its teaching hospital are located at Palayamkottai. It was established in 1965 and affiliated with the University of Madras. The Government Siddha Medical College was established at Palayamkottai on 30 November 1964. Technical education in the district dates to 1844, when Mrs. Caldwell, wife of Bishop Robert Caldwell began a school to teach girls lace-making at Idyangudi. The Government of Tamil Nadu set up a State Board of Technical Education and Training and a separate Directorate of Technical Education, effective 1 October 1957. Since then, the Directorate of Technical Education has assumed the administration of both engineering colleges and polytechnics. The Government College of Engineering was established in October 1981 to fulfill the needs of people in the southern region.

In 1986, the Revenue district of Tirunelveli was divided into Tirunelveli and Thoothukkudi districts. There are three education districts.

Economy

Tirunelveli has been an agricultural area throughout its history. The district is a major producer of rice, coconuts, bananas, spices and forest-based products. The district is home to almost 50% of the buffalo population of Tamil Nadu.[11] The district's livestock and poultry populations are as follows:[10]

CattleBuffaloSheepGoatsPigsHorses and PoniesDonkeysRabbitsTotal livestockTotal poultry
418,69478,777487,273390,57012,752245961240167,8771,218,583

Since it is a coastal district, Tirunelveli is also involved in fishery development and production. For the period 2005–2006, the total inland fish catch was 1,874 tonnes, and the total marine fish catch was 7,014 tonnes.[10]

India Cements Limited is the third largest cement company in India, and began at Sankarnagar in Tirunelveli in 1949.

The district is also rich in minerals, with a total of 407 mines and quarries. Limestone, granite and garnet sand are some of the minerals mined or produced in the district. Major industries include textile, food and forestry products.

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was introduced at Nanguneri in 2001. A pharma park and windmill spare-parts and television-manufacturing factories have been planned in this SEZ. The Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) has planned a ₹700-crore high-tech industrial park in Nanguneri in association with INFAC Group and Axes Technologies Inc of the US.[12][13] The state government is planning light manufacturing, design and assembly facilities, modern infrastructure facilities and amenities in this SEZ to attract a workforce from around the world.

Recreation
Nellaippar Temple

Manjolai Hills

Located between 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) of elevation, the Manjolai area is set deep within the Western Ghats within the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar Dam and the Manimuthar Water Falls, the Manjolai area comprises tea plantations, small settlements, the Upper Kodaiyar Dam and a windy view point called Kuthiravetti.

The whole of the Manjolai Estates and the tea plantations are operated by The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd on forest land leased by the Government of Tamil Nadu. There are three tea estates within the Manjolai area: Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate and Oothu Estate. The Estates are located at elevations ranging from 700 metres (2,300 ft) to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).

Tiger Reserve

The 900 square kilometres (350 sq mi) Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve was established in 1988. The reserve, at 8°39′N 77°23′E, is about 45 km west of Tirunelveli and is known as KMTR to forest and tiger researchers. Kalakkad is the nearest town. Kalakkad has a temple called Malainambi temple with a falls.

Papanasam

Papanasam is a famous picnic spot in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It falls under the Ambasamudram Taluk and is situated 50 km (31 mi) from Tirunelveli. The site is popular for its tourists attractions such as the Thamirabarani River, Agasthiyar Falls, the Shiva Temple, Papanasam dam and the hydroelectric power plant.

Bird Sanctuary

A tiny village in the far south, Koonthankulam in Nanguneri Taluk of Tirunelveli District is emerging as a new favourite of the migratory birds. It is just 38 kilometres (24 mi) away. About 35 species of birds visit this calm but congenial village for breeding. The painted storks are coming from North India and East European Countries to this place. Similarly the flamingoes which flew in mainly from the Rann of Kutch have hatched and reared their young in the village.[14]

Swamy Nellaiappar and Kanthimathi Ambal Temple

The Nellaiappar Temple is located at Tirunelveli. It is rooted in tradition and history, and is known for its musical pillars and other sculpted figures.[15] The nearest airport is Tuticorin Airport (TCR) at Vagaikulam, a 30-minute drive (32 km) from Tirunelveli.[14]

Melaseval Navaneethakrishnan Temple

The Navaneethakrishnan Temple at Melasevel Village, 16 km (9.9 mi) from Tirunelveli Town on the road leading to Ambasamudram, is around 730 years old. Adhithyavarneshwar Temple, devoted to Lord Shiva is also famous in this village. Twice a year, the sun's rays fall straight on the Lingam in the morning. Annual festivals are conducted at both these temples by people to whom the deity is kuladeivam (family deity). Dolotsavam utsavam on every month, on the day of Star ROHINI at the Navaneethakrishnan temple is quite familiar, and many childless couples take part in this pooja. Garuda Sevai is conducted on all four Saturdays of the Tamil month of Purattasi and attracts a large number of devotees from the neighbouring villages. With the kind permission of the HRE department of the State Government, the Melaseval Bhaktha Jana Seva Trust maintains the temple with daily rituals and regular poojas. The Uriyadi festival during Krishnashtami is an important event in this small village.

Notable people
gollark: Can you summarise it for those who haven't bothered to set up audio drivers on their main computer?
gollark: Hmm, that sounds cool, better look into that.
gollark: I was on a somewhat tight budget, so it's two partial-cube-edgey-bits and assorted wiring off to the side.
gollark: Well, two, but your other end is going to be on the ME core where it's nice and cheap to run dense cables or whatever.
gollark: You have a ME P2P tunnel on one end, and another on the other end, and bind them together, and then you can run 32 channels over that one channel the P2P tunnel takes.

References
  1. "2011 Census of India" (Excel). Indian government. 16 April 2011.
  2. http://www.edreamsinetcafe.in/tirunelveli/history.htm%5B%5D
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  6. "Tirunelveli District Irrigation". Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
  7. "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  8. "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Tirunelveli district". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  9. "Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu" (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  10. Microsoft Word – Format.doc
  11. Tamil Nadu animal-husbandry report Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  12. "The Hindu Business Line : TN plans to reorient Nanguneri SEZ with Tuticorin". Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  13. Nanguneri.Com India Portal
  15. Tirunelveli District, National Informatics Centre, Tirunelveli Tourism & Places of Importance
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