Tillandsia recurvata

Tillandsia recurvata, commonly known as small ballmoss[3] or ball moss, is a flowering plant (not a true moss) in the family Bromeliaceae that grows upon larger host plants. It grows well in areas with low light, little airflow, and high humidity, which is commonly provided by southern shade trees, often the southern live oak (Quercus virginiana).[4] It is not a parasite like mistletoe, but an epiphyte like its relative Spanish moss.

Tillandsia recurvata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Bromeliaceae
Genus:	Tillandsia
Subgenus:	Tillandsia subg. Diaphoranthema
Species:	T. recurvata
Binomial name
Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L., 1762
Synonyms[1][2]
Renealmia recurvata L. Diaphoranthema recurvata (L.) Beer Tillandsia monostachya W.Bartram Tillandsia uniflora Kunth Diaphoranthema uniflora (Kunth) Beer Tillandsia pauciflora Sessé & Moc.

Tillandsia recurvata derives mainly physical support and not nutrition from its host; it photosynthesizes its own food, absorbing water that collects on its leaves.[4] It obtains nitrogen from bacteria, and other minerals largely from blown dust.[5] Though not a harmful parasite in the same sense as plants such as mistletoes that feed on the sap of the host, ball moss may compete with a host tree for sunlight and some nutrients, and by restricting available surface area for new branch sprouts; however, except on stressed host trees (e.g., in some urban settings) it rarely has a noticeable effect on growth or health.[4]

In habit, Tillandsia recurvata tends to form a spheroid ranging in size from a golf ball to a soccer ball, though this is actually a collection of multiple "pups" growing joined together. Several studies suggest that wind is the main agent of seed dispersal.[4][6][7][8] It has not been demonstrated empirically that T. recurvata is capable of dispersal through animal-mediated vectors, such as epizoochory or endozoochory. Mature seeds have no apparent adhesive on the exterior, and very little nutrient supply to support sprouting, but, like many other epiphyte seeds, they are borne plentifully and are armed with fine, straight hairs that could well adhere to wet or clinging surfaces, such as rough bark, which would provide enough time for the seedlings to anchor themselves with their roots.[9][10] In fact, as shown in the accompanying photograph, they even grow plentifully on fences and telephone wires, together with occasional other species.

Comparison of a Tillandsia seed (number 9) with seeds of some other American epiphytic species

Tillandsia recurvata growing on wires, together with another species, possibly Tillandsia usneoides

Ball moss is sensitive to freezing, particularly when moist.[11]

Ball moss is indigenous to the warmer regions of the Americas; it ranges from the southern United States to northern Argentina and Chile.[12] The northernmost limit of its natural occurrence is coastal Georgia (where it is listed as a State "Special Concern" species), although it has been introduced into coastal South Carolina on landscaping trees.[13] It has been reported in nature from Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona, Mexico, most of Central and South America, and many of the islands in the West Indies.[2][14][15] In the United States, ball moss is considered unattractive by some, and many landowners attempt to remove these bromeliads from their trees using different chemical solutions.

Uses

Tillandsia recurvata can be used as animal fodder.

The Pima of Mexico occasionally eat T. recurvata and T. erubescens flowers due to their high sugar content.[16]

References

1. "Tillandsia recurvata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2009-12-08.
2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Tillandsia recurvata
3. "Tillandsia recurvata". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
4. Crow, William T (2000). Ball Moss (PDF). The Texas Agricultural Extension Service. L-5353. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
5. Puente, Maria-Esther & Bashan, Yoav (March 1994). "The desert epiphyte Tillandsia recurvata harbours the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri". Canadian Journal of Botany. 72 (3): 406–8. doi:10.1139/b94-054.
6. Victoriano-Romero, Elizabeth, et al. “Dispersal Limitation of Tillandsia Species Correlates with Rain and Host Structure in a Central Mexican Tropical Dry Forest.” PLOS One, vol. 12, no. 2, Mar. 2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171614.
7. Bernal, Rocío, et al. “Habitat Preference of the Epiphyte Tillandsia Recurvata (Bromeliaceae) in a Semi-Desert Environment in Central Mexico.” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 83, no. 10, 2005, pp. 1238–1247., doi:10.1139/b05-076.
8. Palací, Carlos A., et al. “The Seeds of Catopsis (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae).” Systematic Botany, vol. 29, no. 3, Jan. 2004, pp. 518–527., doi:10.1600/0363644041744473.
9. Schimper, A.F.W.: Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas. Jena 1888
10. "Tillandsia recurvata".
11. Hagar, CF (1990). "The effect of water content, cooling rate, and growth temperature on the freezing temperature of 4 Tillandsia species" (M.S. Thesis)|format= requires |url= (help). Texas A&M University. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. Correll, Donovan Stewart & Johnston, Marshall Conring (1970). Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Renner, Texas: Texas Research Foundation. p. 356.
13. Weakley, Alan (2010). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States University of North Carolina Herbarium. p161
14. Flora of North America, Tillandsia recurvata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 410. 1762.
15. Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
16. Hornung-Leoni (2011). "Bromeliads: Traditional Plant Food in Latin America Since pre-Hispanic Times". Polibotánica. 32: 219–229. Retrieved 30 Mar 2020.