The Graduate

The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols[4] and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham,[5] based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. The film tells the story of 21-year-old Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman), a recent college graduate with no well-defined aim in life, who is seduced by an older woman, Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft), and then falls in love with her daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross).

For other uses, see The Graduate (disambiguation).

The Graduate
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMike Nichols
Produced byLawrence Turman
Screenplay by
Based onThe Graduate
by Charles Webb
Starring
Music by
CinematographyRobert Surtees
Edited bySam O'Steen
Production
company
Mike Nichols/Lawrence Turman Productions
Distributed by
Release date
  • December 22, 1967 (1967-12-22)
Running time
106 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3 million
Box office$104.9 million (North America)[2]
$85 million (worldwide rentals)[3]

The Graduate was released on December 22, 1967 to critical and commercial success grossing $104.9 million, becoming the highest grossing film of 1967 worldwide. Adjusted for inflation, the film's gross is $805 million, making it the 23rd highest-ever grossing film in North America.[6] It received seven nominations at the 40th Academy Awards including for the Best Picture and won Best Director. In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." [7][8] It is ranked by the American Film Institute as the 17th greatest American film of all-time.

Plot

After earning his bachelor's degree from an East Coast college, Benjamin Braddock returns to his parents' Pasadena, California home. He cringes as his parents deliver accolades during his graduation party and retreats to his bedroom until Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father's law partner, insists that he drive her home. Once there, she tries to seduce him. He resists her advances but later invites her to the Taft Hotel, where he registers under the pseudonym "Mr. Gladstone."

Benjamin spends the summer relaxing in his parents' pool by day and meeting Mrs. Robinson at the hotel by night. During one of their trysts, Mrs. Robinson reveals that her loveless marriage resulted when she accidentally became pregnant with her daughter, Elaine. When Benjamin jokingly suggests that he date Elaine, Mrs. Robinson angrily forbids it. After his parents relentlessly pester him, Benjamin reluctantly takes Elaine on a date.

When he sees how upset Mrs. Robinson is, Benjamin attempts to sabotage his date by ignoring Elaine, driving recklessly, and taking her to a strip club. She flees the club in tears, but Benjamin, feeling remorseful, runs out after her, apologizes, and kisses her. They eat at a drive-in restaurant, where they bond over their shared uncertainty about their future plans. After they visit the Taft Hotel for a late-night drink and the staff greet Benjamin as "Mr. Gladstone," Elaine deduces that Benjamin is having an affair with a married woman. Benjamin swears that the affair is over and makes plans for another date with Elaine for the following day.

To prevent Benjamin from dating Elaine, Mrs. Robinson threatens to tell Elaine about their affair. To thwart this, Benjamin reveals to Elaine that the married woman is her mother. Elaine is so upset that she refuses to see Benjamin again and returns to school at Berkeley.

Benjamin follows her to Berkeley hoping to regain her affections. Elaine is aghast because her mother told her that Benjamin raped her when she was drunk. After Benjamin explains what really happened and apologizes, Elaine forgives him and they rekindle their relationship. He asks her to marry him, but she is uncertain despite her feelings for him. Later, an angry Mr. Robinson arrives to Berkeley and confronts Benjamin in his boarding room, where he informs him that he and his wife will be divorcing soon and threatens to have Benjamin jailed if he continues to see Elaine. He then forces Elaine to leave college to marry Carl Smith, a classmate whom she briefly dated.

Benjamin drives back to Pasadena and breaks into the Robinson home in search of Elaine. Instead, he finds Mrs. Robinson who calls the police and claims that her house is being burglarized. She then tells Benjamin that he cannot prevent Elaine's marriage to Carl. Before the police can arrest him, Benjamin flees the Robinson home and drives back to Berkeley. There, he visits Carl's fraternity and discovers from one of Carl's fraternity brothers that the wedding will take place in Santa Barbara that day. He rushes to the church and arrives just as the ceremony ends. Overlooking the sanctuary, he bangs on the glass separating him from the wedding and shouts Elaine's name. After surveying the angry faces of Carl and her parents, Elaine shouts "Ben!" and flees the sanctuary. Benjamin fights off Mr. Robinson and repels the wedding guests by swinging a large wooden cross, which he uses to barricade the church doors, trapping them inside.

Elaine and Benjamin elope aboard a bus and sit among startled passengers. Their ecstatic expressions soon change to looks of uncertainty as the bus drives away.

Cast

Production

Getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually turned down for financing. He then contacted producer Joseph E. Levine, who said he would finance the film because he had associated with Nichols on the play The Knack,[9] and because he heard that Elizabeth Taylor specifically wanted Nichols to direct her and Richard Burton in Virginia Woolf.[10]

With financing assured, Nichols suggested Buck Henry for screenwriter, although Henry's experience had also been mostly in improvised comedy, and had no writing background. Nichols said to Henry, "I think you could do it; I think you should do it."[10] Nichols was paid $150,000 but was to receive 16⅔% of the profits.[9]

Casting

Nichols' first choice for Mrs. Robinson was French actress Jeanne Moreau.[11] The motivation for this was the cliche that in French culture, "older" women tended to "train" the younger men in sexual matters. Numerous actors were considered for or sought roles in the film. Doris Day turned down an offer because the nudity required by the role offended her.[12] Joan Crawford inquired as to play the part, while Lauren Bacall and Audrey Hepburn both wanted the role. Patricia Neal turned down the film as she had recently recovered from a stroke and did not feel ready to accept such a major role. Geraldine Page also turned it down. Other actors considered for the part included Claire Bloom, Angie Dickinson, Sophia Loren, Judy Garland, Rita Hayworth, Susan Hayward, Anouk Aimée, Jennifer Jones, Deborah Kerr, Eva Marie Saint, Rosalind Russell, Simone Signoret, Jean Simmons, Lana Turner, Eleanor Parker, Anne Baxter and Shelley Winters. Angela Lansbury also asked about playing the part. Ava Gardner sought the role of Mrs. Robinson, and reportedly called Nichols saying,"I want to see you! I want to talk about this Graduate thing!" Nichols did not seriously consider her for the role (he wanted a younger woman as Bancroft was 35 and Gardner was 45), but did end up visiting her hotel. He later recounted that "she sat at a little French desk with a telephone, she went through every movie star cliché. She said, 'All right, let's talk about your movie. First of all, I strip for nobody.'" Meanwhile, Natalie Wood turned down not only the role of Mrs. Robinson, but also that of Elaine.

For the character of Elaine, casting was also an issue. Patty Duke turned down the part as she did not want to work at the time. Faye Dunaway was also considered for Elaine, but had to turn it down, in favor of Bonnie and Clyde. Sally Field and Shirley MacLaine refused the role as well. Raquel Welch and Joan Collins both wanted the role, but did not succeed in getting it. Carroll Baker tested, but was said to have been too old to portray Anne Bancroft's daughter. Candice Bergen screen-tested as well, as did Goldie Hawn and Jane Fonda. Additionally, Ann-Margret, Elizabeth Ashley, Carol Lynley, Sue Lyon, Yvette Mimieux, Suzanne Pleshette, Lee Remick, Pamela Tiffin, Julie Christie, and Tuesday Weld were all on the director's shortlist before Katharine Ross was cast.

When Dustin Hoffman auditioned for the role of Benjamin, he was just short of his 30th birthday at the time of filming. He was asked to perform a love scene with Ross, having previously never done one during his acting classes and believed that, as he said later, "a girl like [Ross] would never go for a guy like me in a million years." Ross agreed, believing that Hoffman "look[ed] about 3 feet tall ... so unkempt. This is going to be a disaster." Producer Joseph E. Levine later admitted that he at first believed that Hoffman "was one of the messenger boys." Despite—or perhaps because of—Hoffman's awkwardness, Nichols chose him for the film.[13] "As far as I'm concerned, Mike Nichols did a very courageous thing casting me in a part that I was not right for, meaning I was Jewish," said Hoffman. "In fact, many of the reviews were very negative. It was kind of veiled anti-Semitism.... I was called 'big-nosed' in the reviews, 'a nasal voice'."[14] Before Hoffman was cast, Robert Redford and Warren Beatty were among the top choices. Beatty turned the film down as he was occupied with Bonnie and Clyde. Redford tested for the part of Benjamin (with Candice Bergen as Elaine), but Nichols thought Redford did not possess the underdog quality Benjamin needed.[15]

In the role of Mr. Robinson, Gene Hackman was originally cast, but just before filming began, the director decided he was too young and decided to replace him. Marlon Brando, Howard Duff, Brian Keith, George Peppard, Jack Palance, Frank Sinatra, Walter Matthau were all other choices for the role that Murray Hamilton eventually played. Susan Hayward was the first choice for Benjamin's mother, Mrs. Braddock, but the role was given to Elizabeth Wilson. For the role of Mr. Braddock, Yul Brynner, Kirk Douglas, Jack Lemmon, Robert Mitchum, Karl Malden, Christopher Plummer and Ronald Reagan (who had been Governor of California for nearly a year when the film was released) were all considered before William Daniels secured the part.[15]

Filming

The quality of the cinematography was influenced by Nichols, who chose Oscar winner Robert Surtees to do the photography. Surtees, who had photographed major films since the 1920s, including Ben-Hur, said later, "It took everything I had learned over 30 years to be able to do the job. I knew that Mike Nichols was a young director who went in for a lot of camera. We did more things in this picture than I ever did in one film."[10]

Many of the exterior university campus shots of Berkeley were actually filmed on the brick campus of USC in Los Angeles.[16]

The church used for the wedding scene is actually the United Methodist Church in La Verne. In a commentary audio released with the 40th anniversary DVD, Hoffman revealed that he was uneasy about the scene in which he pounds on the church window, as the minister of the church had been watching the filming disapprovingly. The wedding scene was highly influenced by the ending of the 1924 comedy film Girl Shy starring Harold Lloyd, who also served as an advisor for the scene in The Graduate.[17][18]

Music
See also: The Graduate (soundtrack)

The film boosted the profile of folk-rock duo Simon & Garfunkel. Originally, Nichols and O'Steen used their existing songs like "The Sound of Silence" merely as a pacing device for the editing until Nichols decided that substituting original music would not be effective and decided to include them on the soundtrack, an unusual move at that time.[19]

According to a Variety article by Peter Bart in the May 15, 2005, issue, Lawrence Turman, his producer, then made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie. By the time they had nearly finished editing the film, Simon had only written one new song. Nichols begged him for more, but Simon, who was touring constantly, told him he did not have the time. He did play him a few notes of a new song he had been working on; "It's not for the movie... it's a song about times past—about Mrs. Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff." Nichols advised Simon, "It's now about Mrs. Robinson, not Mrs. Roosevelt."[20]

Reception

Critical response

The Graduate was met with generally positive reviews from critics upon its release. A.D. Murphy of Variety and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, with Murphy describing it as a "delightful satirical comedy-drama" [21] and Ebert claiming it was the "funniest American comedy of the year".[22] However, Life critic Richard Schickel felt the film "starts out to satirize the alienated spirit of modern youth, does so with uncommon brilliance for its first half, but ends up selling out to the very spirit its creators intended to make fun of... It's a shame-- they were halfway to something wonderful when they skidded on a patch of greasy kid stuff." Pauline Kael wondered, "How could you convince them [younger viewers] that a movie that sells innocence is a very commercial piece of work when they're so clearly in the market to buy innocence?"[23]

Modern critics continue to praise the film, if not always with the same ardor. For the film's thirtieth anniversary reissue, Ebert retracted some of his previous praise for the film, noting that he felt its time had passed and that he now had more sympathy for Mrs. Robinson than Benjamin (whom he considered "an insufferable creep"), viewing one's sympathy for Mrs. Robinson and disdainful attitude toward Ben as a function of aging and wisdom.[24] He, along with Gene Siskel, gave the film a positive if unenthusiastic review on the television program Siskel & Ebert.[25] Furthermore, the film's rating in the AFI list of the greatest American films fell from seventh in 1997 to seventeenth in the 2007 update. Lang Thompson, however, argued that "it really hasn't dated much".[26]

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 86% based on 80 reviews, with an average rating of 8.85/10. The site's consensus reads, "The music, the performances, the precision in capturing the post-college malaise—The Graduate's coming-of-age story is indeed one for the ages."[27] On the similar website Metacritic, the film holds a score of 83 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[28]

Awards and honors
Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards Best Picture Lawrence Turman Nominated
Best Director Mike Nichols Won
Best Actor Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Actress Anne Bancroft Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Katharine Ross Nominated
Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Best Cinematography Robert L. Surtees Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Mike Nichols Won
Best Direction Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Anne Bancroft Nominated
Best Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Won
Best Editing Sam O'Steen Won
Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Dustin Hoffman Won
Katharine Ross Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Mike Nichols Won
Faro Island Film Festival Best Film (Golden Train Award) Nominated
Best Film (Audience Award) Nominated
Best Actor (Audience Award) Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Actress (Audience Award) Anne Bancroft Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy The Graduate Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Anne Bancroft Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Mike Nichols Won
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer – Male Dustin Hoffman Won
Most Promising Newcomer – Female Katharine Ross Won
Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special Dave Grusin and Paul Simon Won
Laurel Awards Top Comedy The Graduate Nominated
Top Male Comedy Performance Dustin Hoffman Nominated
Top Female Dramatic Performance Anne Bancroft Nominated
Top Female Supporting Performance Katharine Ross Won
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films The Graduate Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated
Best Director Mike Nichols Won
Best Screenplay Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Hall of Fame – Motion Picture The Graduate Won
Producers Guild of America Awards PGA Hall of Fame – Motion Pictures Lawrence Turman – The Graduate Won
Satellite Awards Best Classic DVD The Graduate: 40th Anniversary Edition Won
Best DVD Extras Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Comedy Buck Henry and Calder Willingham Won

In 1996, The Graduate was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and placed #23 on the list of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada, adjusted for inflation.[6][8]

Years later in interviews, Bancroft stated that Mrs. Robinson was the role with which she was most identified, and added, "Men still come up to me and tell me 'You were my first sexual fantasy.'"

The film is listed in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die.[29]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Release

The Graduate was released in theatres on December 22, 1967. The film was released on Blu-ray by Embassy Home Entertainment on January 25, 2011.[36] The Graduate was released on DVD by Embassy Home Entertainment on January 21, 2014.[37]

Stage adaptation

Terry Johnson's adaptation of the original novel and the film ran both on London's West End and on Broadway, and has toured the United States. There is a Brazilian version adapted by Miguel Falabella. Several actresses have starred as Mrs. Robinson, including Kathleen Turner, Lorraine Bracco, Jerry Hall, Amanda Donohoe, Morgan Fairchild, Anne Archer, Vera Fischer, Patricia Richardson and Linda Gray.

The stage production adds several scenes that are not in the novel or the film, as well as using material from both film and novel.[38] It also uses songs by Simon & Garfunkel not used in the film, such as "Bridge Over Troubled Water" as well as music from other popular musicians from the era such as The Byrds and The Beach Boys.[39] The West End production opened at the Gielgud Theatre on April 5, 2000, after previews from March 24, with Kathleen Turner starring as Mrs. Robinson.[40][41] The production closed in January 2002. Jerry Hall replaced Turner on July 31, 2000, followed by Amanda Donohoe from February 2001, Anne Archer from June 2001, and Linda Gray from October 2001.[42][43] The 2003 UK touring production starred Glynis Barber as Mrs. Robinson.[44]

The Broadway production opened at the Plymouth Theatre on April 4, 2002, and closed on March 2, 2003, after 380 performances. Directed by Terry Johnson, the play featured the cast of Jason Biggs as Benjamin Braddock, Alicia Silverstone as Elaine Robinson, and Kathleen Turner as Mrs. Robinson. The play received no award nominations.[45] Linda Gray briefly filled in for Turner in September 2002. Lorraine Bracco replaced Turner from November 19, 2002.[46]

The Graduate ran at the Cape Playhouse (Dennis, Massachusetts) in July 2011, and starred Patricia Richardson.[47]

Possible sequel

Charles Webb has written a sequel to his original novel titled Home School, but initially refused to publish it in its entirety because of a contract he signed in the 1960s. When he sold film rights to The Graduate, he surrendered the rights to any sequels. If he were to publish Home School, Canal+, the French media company that owns the rights to The Graduate, would be able to adapt it for the screen without his permission.[48] Extracts of Home School were printed in The Times on May 2, 2006.[49] Webb also told the newspaper that there was a possibility he would find a publisher for the full text, provided he could retrieve the film rights using French copyright law.[50] On May 30, 2006, The Times reported that Webb had signed a publishing deal for Home School with Random House which he hoped would enable him to instruct French lawyers to attempt to retrieve his rights. The novel was published in Britain in 2007.[51]

In The Player, Robert Altman's satire of Hollywood, Buck Henry pitches a sequel to The Graduate to producer Griffin Mill (played by Tim Robbins) during the film's opening sequence.

The final act of the film Wayne's World 2 begins with an extended parody of the climactic sequence of The Graduate, where Wayne stops Cassandra's wedding and barricades the door with an electric guitar. This scene is also parodied in the Family Guy episode When You Wish Upon a Weinstein.

In the television series Roseanne, there is a fantasy scene where Jackie assumes the Bancroft role and attempts to seduce David (season 6, episode 16). The famous shot of Benjamin seen between the leg of Mrs. Robinson is replicated for the scene. This scene is also replicated in The Simpsons episode Lisa's Substitute when Mrs. Krabappel tries to seduce Mr. Bergstrom who was voiced by Dustin Hoffman.

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See also

References
  1. "The Graduate". United Artists. British Board of Film Classification. July 1, 1970. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  2. "The Graduate, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  3. Denisoff, R. Serge; Romanowski, William D. (1991). Risky Business: Rock in Film. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780887388439.
    • The Graduate: p. 167. "World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971."
  4. Variety's Film Reviews. December 20, 1967. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8240-5210-2.
  5. Crowther, Bosley (December 31, 1967). "Graduating With Honors; 'The Graduate'". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  6. "Domestic Grosses, Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  7. Stern, Christopher; Stern, Christopher (December 3, 1996). "National Film Registry taps 25 more pix". Variety. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  8. "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  9. "Nichols' $1-Mil. To Direct His Next". Variety. April 17, 1968. p. 1.
  10. Kashner, Sam (March 2008). "Here's to You, Mr. Nichols: The Making of The Graduate". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  11. Audio commentary by Mike Nichols and Steven Soderbergh in Criterion Collection BD and DVD.
  12. McGee, Garry (November 22, 2011). Doris Day: Sentimental Journey. McFarland. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7864-6107-3. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  13. Zeitlin, David (November 24, 1967). "The Graduate". Life. p. 111. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  14. Ahearn, Victoria (March 25, 2015). "Dustin Hoffman says he understands the worries of young singers in 'Boychoir'". 680 NEWS. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  15. Kashner, Sam (March 2008). "Here's to You, Mr. Nichols: The Making of The Graduate". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  16. Moore, Annette (Spring 2006). "USC's Lists & Urban Legends: Just a Few of the Feature Films Shot on the University Park Campus". USC Trojan Family Magazine. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  17. "Silent Salon 2015 // Girl Shy". brownpapertickets.com.
  18. "Girl Shy". doctormacro.com.
  19. Harris, Mark (February 14, 2008). Pictures at a Revolution. The Penguin Press. pp. 360–1. ISBN 978-1-5942-0152-3.
  20. Bart, Peter (May 15, 2005). "The perfect pic alignment". Variety.
  21. Murphy, A.D. (December 18, 1967). "Film Reviews—The Graduate". Variety. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  22. Ebert, Roger (December 26, 1967). "The Graduate". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  23. Gray, Beverly, Seduced by Mrs. Robinson, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2017, pg. 166-167
  24. Ebert, Roger (March 28, 1997). "The Graduate". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  25. "LiarLiar / Crash / Selena / The Graduate (1997)". Siskel & Ebert at the Movies. Season 11. Episode 28. Siskel&Ebert.org. March 22, 1997. 3:40 minutes in. TV.com: Siskel & Ebert at the Movies Season 11 Episode 28. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  26. Thompson, Lang. "The Graduate". Turner Classic Movies, Inc. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  27. "The Graduate". Rotten Tomatoes. April 16, 2019.
  28. "The Graduate". Metacritic.
  29. Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. (September 2003). 1001 Movies You Muse See Before You Die. London: Quintessence Editions Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7641-6151-3. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014.
  30. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  31. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  32. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  33. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  34. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  35. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  36. Nichols, Mike (January 25, 2011). The Graduate (Blu-ray). Los Angeles: Embassy Home Entertainment. ASIN B004GDB76S. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  37. Nichols, Mike (January 21, 2014). The Graduate (DVD). Los Angeles: Embassy Home Entertainment. ASIN B00079Z9VO. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  38. Murray, Matthew (April 4, 2002). "The Graduate". Talkin'Broadway. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  39. Siegel, Barbara; Siegel, Scott (April 5, 2002). "The Graduate". TheaterMania. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  40. Shenton, Mark (December 20, 1999). "Kathleen Turner to Graduate to West End as Mrs. Robinson". Playbill. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  41. Wolf, Matt (April 10, 2000). "The Graduate – Turner's Mrs. Robinson Turns Heads in London's West End". Variety. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  42. " The Graduate's London term ends", bbc.co.uk, 18 January 2002
  43. Davies, Hugh. "Curtain rises on the new Mrs Robinson", telegraph.co.uk, 12 Jun 2001.
  44. "Glynis keeps her kit on and pulls it off". the Telegraph. September 5, 2003. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  45. " The Graduate on Broadway", ibdb.com, accessed May 12, 2015
  46. Gans, Andrew; Simonson, Robert (December 15, 2002). "Lorraine Bracco Officially Opens in Broadway Graduate Dec. 15". Playbill. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  47. Hetrick, Adam (June 3, 2011). "Cape Playhouse Casts Patricia Richardson, Joel Higgins, Dee Hoty, Josh Grisetti and Bradley Dean for Summer". Playbill. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  48. Smith, David (March 25, 2005). "What happened next? (the author will let you know after he dies)". The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  49. Webb, Charles (May 2, 2006). "Mrs Robinson Returns". The Times. timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  50. Malvern, Jack (April 18, 2006). "The Graduate's not-so-happy sequel". The Times. timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  51. Malvern, Jack (May 30, 2006). "At last, Mrs Robinson is getting her groove back". The Times. timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved April 13, 2011.

Bibliography

Further reading
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