Temple of Hercules Victor

The Temple of Hercules Victor ('Hercules the Winner') (Italian: Tempio di Ercole Vincitore) or Hercules Olivarius is a Roman temple in Piazza Bocca della Verità, in the area of the Forum Boarium close to the Tiber in Rome, Italy. It is a tholos - a round temple of Greek 'peripteral' design completely encircled by a colonnade. This layout caused it to be mistaken for a temple of Vesta until it was correctly identified by Napoleon's Prefect of Rome, Camille de Tournon.[1]

The Temple of Hercules Victor, in the Forum Boarium.
Detail of capitals.
The Mouth of Truth, believed to have originated in the temple and been moved later to the nearby Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.

Despite (or perhaps due to) the Forum Boarium's role as the cattle-market for ancient Rome, the Temple of Hercules is the subject of a folk belief claiming that neither flies nor dogs will enter the holy place.[2] The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome. The Hercules Temple of Victor is also the only surviving sacred temple in ancient Rome that is made of greek marble.[3] Today it remains unsolved who this temple was dedicated for and for what purpose.[4]

Description

Dating from the later 2nd century BC, and perhaps erected by L. Mummius Achaicus, conqueror of the Achaeans and destroyer of Corinth,[5] the temple is 14.8 m in diameter and consists of a circular cella within a concentric ring of twenty Corinthian columns 10.66 m tall, resting on a tuff foundation. These elements supported an architrave and roof, which have disappeared.[6]

The original wall of the cella, built of travertine and marble blocks, and nineteen of the originally twenty columns remain but the current tile roof was added later. Palladio's published reconstruction suggested a dome, though this was apparently erroneous. The temple is the earliest surviving marble building in Rome. The temples original dedication is dated back to circa 143-132 BCE, a time when intense construction was taking place in Portus Tiberinus.[7]

Identification

Its major literary sources are two almost identical passages, one in Servius' commentary on the Aeneid (viii.363)[8] and the other in Macrobius' Saturnalia.[9] Though Servius mentions that aedes duae sunt, "there are two sacred temples", the earliest Roman calendars mention but one festival, on 13 August, to Hercules Victor and Hercules Invictus interchangeably.[10]

C.W. Eckersberg, Vesta Temple in Rome, 1814-1816, Nivaagaards Malerisamling.

Post-Classical history

In the 1st century CE the temple was hit with some sort of disaster as 10 columns were replaced with Luna marble, which is similar to the original but not an exact replica.[11] By 1132 the temple had been converted to a church, known as Santo Stefano alle Carozze (St. Stephen 'of the carriages'). In 1140, Innocent III converted the temple into a Christian church dedicating it to Stan Stefano.[12]

Additional restorations (and a fresco over the altar) were made in 1475. A plaque in the floor was dedicated by Sixtus IV.In the 12th century CE the cella wall was replaced with brick faced concrete and windows were added as well.[13]

In the 17th century the church was rededicated to Santa Maria del Sole ("St. Mary of the Sun").The temple and the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli were an inspiration for Bramante's Tempietto and other High Renaissance churches of centralized plan. Between 1809 and 1810 CE, the surrounding ground level was lowered and the temple was restored once again.[14] The temple was recognized officially as an ancient monument in 1935 and restored in 1996.[15]

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See also

References
  1. "...houses built into the round Temple of 'Vesta', which de Tournon correctly identified as of Hercules Victor, were removed" in 1811 (Salmon 1995, 150).
  2. Leone Battista Alberti, Architecture, trans. James Leoni (1755), p. 117.
  3. "Temple of Hercules". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  4. Loar, Matthew P. (2017-01-01). "Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8". Classical Philology. 112 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1086/689726. ISSN 0009-837X.
  5. For its dating, see Ziolkowski 1988, 314ff; Ziolkowski's argument for its dedicator and criticisms of other scholars' candidates: 316ff.
  6. Loar, Matthew P. (2017-01-01). "Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8". Classical Philology. 112 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1086/689726. ISSN 0009-837X.
  7. Loar, Matthew P. (2017-01-01). "Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8". Classical Philology. 112 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1086/689726. ISSN 0009-837X.
  8. sed Romae victoris Herculis aedes duae sunt, unam ad Portam Geminam, alia ad Forum Boarium.
  9. Noted by Ziolkowski 1988:309 and notes; the other temple was that of Hercules Invictus ad Circum Maximum.
  10. Adam Ziolkowski 1988:311 and note 6 demonstrates the interchangeability that developed for the two originally separate epithets.
  11. "Temple of Vesta/Hercules, Rome". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  12. "Temple of Hercules". World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  13. "Temple of Vesta/Hercules, Rome". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  14. Yang, Jing; Zhang, Wen Fang (August 2012). "The Seismic Performance Analysis of Brick Masonry Wall between Windows with Central Reinforced Concrete Constructional Columns". Applied Mechanics and Materials. 193-194: 1221–1225. Bibcode:2012AMM...193.1221Y. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1221. ISSN 1662-7482.
  15. See Alessandro Pergoli Campanelli, Restauro del cosiddetto Tempio di Vesta, in "AR", XXXV, 32, novembre-dicembre 2000, pp. 26-30.

Sources
  • Alberti, Leone Battista. Architecture, 1755, tr. Leoni, James.
  • Claridge, Amanda. Oxford Archaeological Guides - Rome. Oxford University Press, 1998
  • Coarelli, Filippo. Guida Archeologica di Roma. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano, 1989.
  • Salmon, Frank (1995). "'Storming the Campo Vaccino': British Architects and the Antique Buildings of Rome after Waterloo". Architectural History. 38: 146–175. doi:10.2307/1568626. JSTOR 1568626.
  • Woodward, Christopher. The Buildings of Europe - Rome. page 30, Manchester University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-7190-4032-9
  • Ziolkowski, Adam (1988). "Mummius' Temple of Hercules Victor and the Round Temple on the Tiber". Phoenix. 42 (4): 309–333. doi:10.2307/1088657. JSTOR 1088657.
  • Loar, Matthew Hercules, Mummius, and the Roman Triumph in Aeneid 8.” Classical Philology, www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/689726.

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