Teck Resources

Teck Resources Limited, known as Teck Cominco until late 2008, is a diversified natural resources company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, that is engaged in mining and mineral development, including steelmaking coal, copper, zinc and energy. Secondary products include lead, silver, gold, molybdenum, germanium, indium and cadmium.[2] Teck Resources was formed from the amalgamation of Teck and Cominco in 2001.[3]

Teck Resources Limited
Public
Traded asNYSE: TECK
TSX: TECK.A, TECK.B
S&P/TSX 60 component
ISINCA8787422044 
IndustryMetals and Mining
Founded1906 as Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada
Headquarters
Vancouver, British Columbia
,
Canada
Key people
  • Norman B. Keevil, Chair
  • Donald R. Lindsay, Pres/CEO
  • Ronald A. Millos, CFO
ProductsCoal, Zinc, Copper
Revenue
  • C$12.6 billion (2018)
  • C$11.9 billion (2017)
  • C$9.30 billion (2016)
  • C$3.11 billion (2018)
  • C$2.46 billion (2017)
  • C$1.04 billion (2016)
Total assets
  • C$39.6 billion (2018)
  • C$37.0 billion (2017)
  • C$35.6 billion (2016)
Total equity
  • C$23.0 billion (2018)
  • C$20.0 billion (2017)
  • C$18.0 billion (2016)
Number of employees
10,700 (2018)
Divisions
  • Teck Metals Ltd. (Vancouver)
  • Teck Cominco Peru S.A. (Lima)
  • Minera Torre de Oro, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico)
Websitewww.teck.com
Footnotes / references
Teck 2018 Annual Report[1]:10,35,41

In 2018, Teck Resources opened the C$17 billion Fort Hills oil sands project.[4] In 2020, Teck abandoned plans for a second, larger C$20 billion open-pit petroleum-mine proposal—Frontier Mine—25 km (16 mi) south of Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray in northeast Alberta.[5][4]

Overview

According to the company's 2018 annual report, the Vancouver-headquartered Teck Resources is a "diversified resource company" that focuses on "steelmaking coal, copper, zinc and energy",[1]:1 with ownership or interests in thirteen "operating mines, a large metallurgical complex, and several major development projects in the Americas."[1]:1 As of 2016, 44% of revenue was from steel-making coal, 34% of revenue was from zinc, and the remaining 21% was from copper.[6] In Alberta, Teck has one operational oil sands project at Fort Hills—a C$17.0 billion project.[4] Teck's application to develop a second larger C$20.0 billion open-pit petroleum mine—Frontier Mine—near Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, was withdrawn by the company in 2020.[5][4][7] With its massive size—292 km2 (113 sq mi)—it may have been among the "largest oil sands mines ever proposed in Alberta."[8] Teck's board members include Chairman, Dominic Barton, President and CEO, Donald R. Lindsay, CFO, Ronald A. Millos, and Chairman Emeritus, Norman B. Keevil.[lower-alpha 1][1]:6 In 2018, Teck had 10,700 employees worldwide.[1]:10 The net revenue in 2018 increased to a record high of C$12.6 billion.[1]:37 Teck credits this increase to "higher steelmaking coal and copper prices" as well as the "sale of blended bitumen from our Fort Hills oil sands mine".[1]:37

Corporate history

Cominco (1906-)

Cominco started in 1906 as The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, formed by the amalgamation of several units controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway.[9] CM&S, or "Smelters" as it was often called by investors, changed its name to Cominco in 1966. Cominco's core Sullivan Mine in Kimberley, British Columbia which began production of lead, zinc, silver and tin in 1909, would operate for more than 90 years until its ore reserves exhausted in 2001.

Teck-Hughes (1913- )

Teck-Hughes Gold Mines Limited was established in 1913 in Ontario, following the discovery of gold in 1912 by prospectors Sandy McIntyre and James Hughes, in Teck Township—now known as Kirkland Lake.[10][11][12] An American group of investors led by Charles H. Denison —including International Nickel Company (INCo)'s Ashton W. Johnston—acquired two thirds of Teck-Hughes' shares. It was Ontario's first gold mine in commercial production. When the ore was exhausted in the 1960s, after 50 years of production, it had produced 3.7 million ounces of gold worth C$104 million.[12]:14[13] The Beaverdell Mine, purchased by Teck in 1969, went back even further to 1898, and produced silver until 1991. Norman B. Keevil (b.1910 in Pike Lake, Saskatchewan) a mining entrepreneur with a background in geophysics, acquired Teck-Hughes in the 1960s.[12]:20 In 1963, his son who was also a geoscientist—Norman Keevil Jr., who was then 25-years old—became vice-president of exploration at Teck.[14] Keevil was named Mining Man of the Year in 1979 for having presided over a series of mine constructions in the 1970s. From 1979 to 2015, Keevil oversaw Teck's major mining projects including Hemlo, Voisey's Bay and Antamina.[14] Over the same time period, Teck became "one of the world's largest producers of metallurgical coal."[14] In 2012, as Chairman of Teck Resources Limited, Keevil was named as the Entrepreneur Of The Year for his significant contributions to British Columbia.

Teck Cominco
Teck Cominco logo before 2008 rebranding

The association between Teck and Cominco began in 1986, when Teck and two industry partners acquired a shareholding from CP Limited, and culminated with the merging of the two companies in July 2001.

On May 8, 2006, Teck Cominco offered to purchase Inco for $US16 billion, but CVRD eventually purchased it for $US17 billion.

On July 29, 2008, Teck Cominco announced an agreement with Fording Canadian Coal Trust, which owned a 60% stake in the Elk Valley Coal Partnership, to purchase 100% of its assets. Teck Cominco had been the minority owner of the Elk Valley Coal Partnership, with a 40% stake. The facilities are located near Fernie, British Columbia. The purchase was closed on October 30, 2008, with a final cost of $US14 billion.[15][lower-alpha 2] Elk Valley Coal Corporation was renamed Teck Coal Limited. The purchase resulted in Teck taking on US$9.8 billion in debt;[15] the company suspended dividends, cut spending, and sold some assets to save money.[16] On January 9, 2009, the company also announced a plan to cut 13% of their total workforce, amounting to 1,400 jobs, saving the company US$85 million.[15] Coal production targets were also lowered by 20% in response to declining worldwide demand for steel, in the midst of the global financial crisis.[17]

Teck Resources (2008-)

Beginning October 1, 2008, Teck Cominco began rebranding itself as Teck.[18] The legal name of the company was changed to Teck Resources Ltd. on April 23, 2009, after being approved by shareholders the previous day.[19]

In 2008, Teck's $25 million donation to BC Children's Hospital Foundation earned its name attached to the Teck Acute Care Centre expected to complete construction in 2017.[20]

In July 2009, China Investment Corporation bought a 17% stake in Teck for C$1.74 billion.[21]

In 2012, the Company announced record earning, record profit and record production, thus ending the year 2011 with C$4.4 billion in cash. Besides expanding into the energy sector, the company was also executing two major projects in Chile and planning a C$600 million restart of its Quintette Mine near Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia.[22]

Operations and major projects

Teck's principal products are steel-making coal, copper, and zinc. As of 2016, 44% of revenue was from steel-making coal, 34% of revenue was from zinc, and the remaining 21% was from copper.[6] Teck also has interests in oil sands projects in Northern Alberta.

Coal

In 2018, Teck produced 26.2 million tonnes of coal from six mines in southeastern British Columbia and western Alberta,[1]:2 with most of it exported to countries in the Asia-Pacific region.[6] The coal is transported to ports and destinations in Eastern Canada through rail lines owned by Canadian Pacific. There is one in Alberta—Cardinal River Mine in Hinton, Alberta, and four steelmaking coal operations in British Columbia: Fording River coal mine in Elkford, Elkview Mine in Sparwood, Greenhills Mine in Elkford and Line Creek Mine in Sparwood.[1]:2

Zinc

In 2016, Teck produced 662,000 tonnes of zinc in concentrate, and 311,000 tonnes of refined zinc.[6] It was the world's third largest producer of mined zinc.[6] Almost all of its mined zinc comes from the Red Dog mine in Alaska, one of the largest zinc mines in the world. It also produces refined zinc at its smelting and refining complex in Trail, British Columbia. The Trail complex also produces zinc refining byproducts, which as of 2016 included 99,000 tonnes of refined lead and 24.2 million ounces of silver.

Copper

In 2016, Teck produced 324,200 tonnes of copper from mines in North and South America.[6] Its largest mine is the Highland Valley Copper mine near Logan Lake, British Columbia, with 119,000 tonnes of copper and 3.4 million pounds of molybdenum produced in 2016.[6] Teck has a 22.5% interest in the Antamina mine in Peru, one of the largest copper/zinc mines in the world. Teck also runs the Carmen de Andacollo and Quebrada Blanca mines in Chile.

Solar

In 2020, Teck announced an agreement to purchase the city of Kimberley, British Columbia's debt stake in the SunMine solar electricity generating station. The 1.05 MW facility was constructed in 2015 on land reclaimed from Teck's Sullivan Mine, which had produced zinc, lead, and silver until its closing in 2001.[23] CEO Don Lindsay explained that the company planned to use SunMine to develop expertise in solar power and renewable energy development.[24]

Oil sands open-pit mining operations

Fort Hills

In 2018, Teck Resources opened the C$17-billion Fort Hills oilsands project, which will produce 194,000 barrels per day (bbl/day).[4] Teck Resources has a 21.3 per cent stake. "Suncor Energy Inc. and Paris-based Total SA have a 54.1 per cent and 24.6 per cent ownership of the project, respectively."[4]

At the September opening of Fort Hills, Calgary-based Suncor Energy's CEO Steve Williams said that, "It's unlikely there will be projects of this type of scale again...What Fort Hills gives us is a strategic anchor in a vast reserve up here."[25] Williams was optimistic about the future of the oil sands for years to come, but at a different scale.[25]

Frontier Mine

In 2009, for the first time since the 1980s, what is now known as the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) changed the oil sands mining boundaries in the Athabasca oil sands in northeastern Alberta, Canada, partly in response to successful exploratory work that Teck and others had launched "north of the known limits"—on the west and east sides of the Athabasca River. When they "discovered a sizable resource", the AER extended the "boundaries" of the "surface mineable oilsands area" to include 14.5 townships.[26] Teck and UTS, who had done the exploratory work together, initiated the regulatory process for Frontier in March 2008.[26]

Frontier Mine is considered to be one of the largest oil sands mines ever proposed in Alberta.[8] The "292 km2 (113 sq mi) open-pit petroleum-mining operation" was to be located about 120 km (75 mi) north of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The estimated cost of developing the Frontier operation was C$20 billion. According to Financial Post, this was more than "Teck's own market capitalization of C$18 billion."[4][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4]

The Frontier mine 25 km (16 mi) south of Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray in northeast Alberta, was projected to produce 260,000 bbl/day every year for more than 40 years.[27][5] Its first phase in 2026 would produce 85,000 bbl/day. The second phase would begin in 2036.[4] The mine would potentially result in "billions of dollars of federal and province taxes".[8]

In the summer of 2019, a federal-provincial review concluded that Frontier Mine would be "in the public interest, even though it would be likely to harm the environment and the land, resources and culture of Indigenous people."[28][29] Teck would use the paraffinic froth treatment (PFT)[30] for the Frontier project, a technology that is already in use at Fort Hills, Imperial Oil's Kearl Oil Sands,[31] and Canadian Natural Resources's (CNRL) Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP).[32][33].[26] This technology, which eliminates the use of an upgrader, has a "lower GHG intensity than about half of the oil currently refined in the U.S.", according to Teck.[26] The federal Environment Minister, Jonathan Wilkinson, told Canadian Press on January 28, 2020, that the federal cabinet's decision...will weigh what the province is doing to help Canada achieve its climate goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.[28][lower-alpha 5] In a statement, Jason Nixon, Alberta's Environment Minister said that "[A]ll 14 First Nation groups in the region of the proposed mine have economic agreements of support with Teck."[27] At a CIBC investor conference in Banff, Alberta, CEO Don Lindsay said that the Frontier mining project could only go ahead if the "economics of the project make sense", according to a January 29, 2020 Globe and Mail article.[34] Lindsay told the government that Teck will only proceed with the project if the pipeline is finished, "not just started, finished"; if Teck can find a partner; and if the price of oil makes the project viable.[34]

The decision on regulatory approval by the federal government cabinet was expected in February 2020,[8] but on February 23 Teck withdrew its application for the mine in advance of the decision.[7][35] In a statement, Teck said that it had already invested $1.13 billion and 10 years in the project, waiting for regulatory and local approval. It stated, "The promise of Canada's potential will not be realized until governments can reach agreement around how climate policy considerations will be addressed in the context of future responsible energy sector development. Without clarity on this critical question, the situation that has faced Frontier will be faced by future projects and it will be very difficult to attract future investment, either domestic or foreign.... Teck has not taken this decision lightly. It is our hope that the decision to withdraw will help to create both the space and impetus needed for this critical discussion to take place for the benefit of all Canadians."

Environmental record

In the past, Teck Cominco has been criticized and sued for violating environmental laws and standards.

Cominco Tank Car

The company's smelter in Trail, British Columbia was blamed in 2003 for heavily contaminating the Columbia River.[36] Legal action taken by American citizens living in settlements downriver progressed to the U.S. Supreme Court and was recently denied certiorari, solidifying the Appellate Court's holding that Teck is subject to U.S. jurisdiction even though it is a Canadian company.

Teck Trail Operations

From 1930 and 1995, the "Tech Canadian mining giant Teck Resources Ltd."[37] had "discharged about 400 tons of slag daily — an estimated 9.97 million tons in total"[38] — directly into the Upper Columbia River.

The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation filed a lawsuit against Teck Cominco in 2004, claiming the company had dumped 140,000 tons of slag directly into rivers adjacent to its Trail smelter between 1896 and 1995, polluting the surface water, ground water and sediment of the upper Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt, (in Washington state, U.S.) with hazardous metals including arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, copper and zinc.[39]

A September 2012 Globe and Mail article reported that the day the 2012 trial, "Tech Canadian mining giant Teck Resources Ltd." had admitted in a U.S. court that effluent from its smelter in southeast British Columbia ha[d] polluted the Columbia River in Washington state for more than a century."[37] The agreement, reached on the eve of the trial initiated by the Colville Confederated Tribes, stipulates that some hazardous materials in the slag discharged from Teck's smelter in Trail, B.C., ended up in the Upper Columbia River south of the border.[37]

In his 2018 ruling in Pakootas, Michel and Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation v. Teck Cominco Metals by United States District Judge for the District of Oregon, Michael J. McShane, he agreed with the lower courts against Tech, and fined Teck US$8 million for pollution.[38]

A refinery belonging to Teck in Trail, British Columbia, was the site of a lead spill into the Columbia River on May 28, 2008.[40]

Red Dog Mine toxic waste

In 2007, the company's Red Dog mine operation in north-western Alaska has been ranked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as one of the most polluting facilities in the United States based on output tonnage of toxic waste, largely (over 99%) in the form of blasted and moved, but otherwise unprocessed, waste rock from mining operations.[41][42] Residents living downstream from the mine launched a lawsuit against Teck Cominco, demanding that the Red Dog mine complies with its environmental obligations and that it pay fines for continuing to violate its water permit requirements. On November 30, 2007, the company released the final report of its six-year study, with the oversight of the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, of risks of dust escaping from traffic along the DeLong Mountain Regional Transportation System Road. The final report incorporates formal comments and input from a wide range of government agencies and stakeholders, including local village residents. The risk assessment concludes it is safe to consume subsistence foods in all areas without restrictions.[43]

Indigenous rights

In 2016, Teck Alaska Inc., a subsidiary of Teck Resources Ltd., was ranked as the best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on upholding indigenous rights in the Arctic.[44]

Awards and recognition

On their 2007 web page, Teck Resources listed over two dozen awards that the company had received from 2004 through 2007, for specific mines and operations. This includes awards for individual operations that had low accident frequency, good underground safety, volunteerism, conservation, reclamation, and excellence in business.[45]

Teck Resources is the number one sponsor for the twenty-team ice hockey league, the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League with the KIJHL Championship named the Teck Cup.

gollark: I mean, anyone behind you could see what's on the screen, and you wouldn't be able to see stuff against some backgrounds.
gollark: Oh, I don't think those are a great design either, honestly, but it would be... cool, briefly.
gollark: Still, weirdly shaped ones *do*, as far as I know, cost more to manufacture.
gollark: Or at least avoid rendering there, I guess? Still, you're right, it's probably not significant.
gollark: They have to do extra work to deal with the cutout bit.

See also

Notes
  1. Both Norman Bell Keevil and Norman B. Keevil are included in the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.
  2. USD
  3. In the 2018 annual report, Teck included a "Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Statements"[1] and listed a number of potential factors that could impact on their forward looking statements including improved "unit operating costs at Fort Hills", the "debottlenecking" of crude oil, expanded production at Fort Hills", delivery to customers, The Frontier projects's timing as related to the "review and permitting process", the "credit facilities", "sources of liquidity and capital resources", the impact of exchange rates, commodity prices (the global price of WTI crude oil), carbon pricing policies, and associated costs that would affect profits for shareholders and the EBITDA.[1]:77 See "Commodity Prices and 2018 Production".[1]
  4. Fort Hills and Frontier market their crude oil, Western Canadian Select (WCS), the benchmark for Canadian crude oil, through Hardisty. It "trades at a differential below the NYMEX West Texas Intermediate WTI benchmark price".[1] At the time of their 2018 annual report, "WTI averaged US$64.77 per barrel with WCS priced at US$19.35 per barrel with an average differential or discount in Q4 of US$39.45 per barrel. "Hardisty differentials widened substantially in the quarter as increases in production strained crude oil export infrastructure and regional storage capacities."[1]:31
  5. The National Observer, Canadian Mining, CBC, and Global reports are based on content first published by The Canadian Press on January 28, 2020 with files from Lauren Krugel in Calgary.

References
  1. Teck 2018 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Teck. March 7, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 148 pages.
  2. "Other Metals". Teck Resources. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  3. Weber, Terry (April 30, 2001). "Teck and Cominco to merge". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  4. Morgan, Geoffrey (September 24, 2018). "Hearings begin today into a $20-billion oil sands mine that's even bigger than the massive Fort Hills: The Frontier mine would cost C$2 billion more than Teck Resource's market cap". National Post. Calgary. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  5. Tasker, John Paul (December 10, 2019). "Kenney in Ottawa to call for approval of massive open-pit oilsands mine". CBC News. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  6. Teck 2016 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Teck. March 3, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  7. Rieger, Sarah (February 23, 2020). "Teck withdraws application for $20B Frontier oilsands mine". CBC News. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  8. Sharon Riley (January 29, 2020). An enormous open-pit mine and the future of the Alberta oilsands (podcast). Front Burner. CBC. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  9. "Tales of Teck and Cominco". Canadian Mining Journal. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  10. "Bylaws". Kirkland Lake Town Council. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  11. "Our History". Teck. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  12. Keevil, Norman Bell (2017). Never Rest on Your Ores: Building a Mining Company, One Stone at a Time. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 9780773551558. OCLC 1029883594.
  13. Pain, S.A. (1960). Three Miles of Gold: The Story of Kirkland Lake. Toronto: The Ryerson Press. p. 29.
  14. "Norman B. Keevil: A lifetime of achievement at Teck". Northern Miner. May 19, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  15. Godkin, David (January 1, 2015). "Tough slugging for BC's coal miners". Canadian Mining Journal (CMJ). Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  16. Bouw, Brenda (November 21, 2008). "Teck Cominco cuts dividend, spending plan". Toronto Star. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  17. Koven, Peter (January 9, 2009). "Teck Cominco cuts 1,400 jobs". Financial Post.
  18. "Teck scraps Cominco brand". Toronto Star. October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  19. "Teck Shareholders Approve Name Change to Teck Resources Limited". Teck. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  20. "News Release: Teck Acute Care Centre Major Milestone" (PDF). Provincial Health Services Authority. April 12, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  21. "China Investment Corporation Announces Investment in Teck Resources Limited". marketwire.com. July 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  22. Hamilton, Gordon (February 9, 2012). "Teck reports record earnings, record revenues, record production". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  23. "Teck Resources to pay $2 million for SunMine solar project at Kimberley, B.C." Canadian Press. January 15, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020 – via CityNews.
  24. Teck Resources (January 15, 2020). "Teck Announces Purchase of SunMine Solar Energy Facility" (Press release). Vancouver. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  25. Bakx, Kyle (September 17, 2018). "The great oilsands era is over. So what now for Fort McMurray?". Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  26. Bennett, Deborah; Jaremko, Jim; Bentein, Nelson (November 6, 2018). "On the Frontier: Teck advances milestone new oilsands mine in a new era of energy development". JWN Energy. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  27. "Alberta climate plan part of Fed decision on Teck Mine says Wilkinson". Canadian Press via The National Observer. January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  28. "Alberta's climate plan part of cabinet decision on Teck Frontier oilsands mine: Wilkinson". Canadian Press Staff via Canadian Manufacturing. January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  29. Graveland, Bill (January 27, 2020). "Kenney wants swift approval from Trudeau for Teck Frontier oilsands mine". Global News via the Canadian Press. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  30. Lewis, Jeff (November 8, 2011). "SNC-Lavalin to build $650 million froth treatment plant: Client not disclosed, but reported to be CNRL". Alberta Oil. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  31. "Kearl Overview". www.imperialoil.ca. Imperial Oil. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
    – "Kearl". Imperial Oil. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  32. "Canadian Natural Resources Limited Announces the Acquisition of Working Interest in the Athabasca Oil Sands Project and Other Oil Sands Assets" (Press release). Marketwired. March 9, 2017.
  33. Pulsinelli, Olivia (May 8, 2018). "Shell selling entire Canadian Natural Resources stake for $3.3B". American City Business Journals.
  34. Willis, Andrew (January 29, 2020). "Frontier oil sands mine may not get built - even with federal approval". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  35. https://www.teck.com/news/news-releases/2020/teck-withdraws-regulatory-application-for-frontier-project https://www.teck.com/news/news-releases/2020/teck-withdraws-regulatory-application-for-frontier-project
  36. Brown, Chris (December 15, 2003). "A century of slag". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2004. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  37. Moore, Dene (September 10, 2012). "Teck admits operations polluted U.S. waters". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  38. Lavoie, Judith (September 21, 2018). "Teck Resources pegged with $8 million fine for toxic smelter pollution of Columbia River". The Narwhal. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  39. Howe, Marc (September 11, 2012). "Teck confesses to a century of US river pollution". mining.com. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  40. "Lead and acid from B.C. smelter spills into Columbia River". HeraldNet. Everett Herald and Sound Publishing. Associated Press. May 29, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  41. "Red Dog top toxic polluter". Siku News. March 31, 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2019.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  42. "Pollution Rankings: by Facility". Scorecard.org. 2002. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  43. "Red Dog road study declares subsistence foods safe". The Arctic Sounder. December 27, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  44. Overland, Indra (December 2016). Ranking Oil, Gas and Mining Companies on Indigenous Rights in the Arctic. ResearchGate. Norway: Árran Lule Sami Centre. ISBN 9788279430599. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  45. "Environmental, health, safety and social responsibility awards presented to Teck". Teck Cominco. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
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