Tati language (Iran)

The Tati language (Tati: تاتی زبون, Tâti Zobun )[9] is a Northwestern Iranian language which is closely related to the Talysh, Mazandarani and Gilaki languages spoken by the Tat people of Iran. It is for the most part not mutually intelligible with Persian. Tats are a subgroup of Northwestern Iranians.

This article is about a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by Southern Tats in Iran. For the language of Northern Tats, see Tat language (Caucasus).

Tati
Tâti تاتی زبون
Native to	Iran
Ethnicity	Tats
Native speakers	(undated figure of 220,000 Takestani)[1] 28,000 Harzani (2000)[2] Others shifting
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Northwestern II Old Azeri[3] Tatic Tati
Writing system	Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: tks – Takestani/Khalkhal xkc – Kho'ini hrz – Harzandi rdb – Rudbari esh – Eshtehardi tov – Taromi xkp – Kabatei
Glottolog	khoi1250  Kho'ini[4] rama1272  Takestani/Eshtehardi[5] taro1267  Taromi/Kabatei[6] rudb1238  Rudbari[7] harz1239  Harzani-Kilit[8]

Old Azari

Main article: Old Azeri

Some sources use the term old Azari/Azeri to refer to the Tati language as it was spoken in the region before the spread of Turkic languages (see Ancient Azari language), and is now only spoken by different rural communities in Iranian Azerbaijan (such as villages in Harzanabad area, villages around Khalkhal and Ardabil), and also in Zanjan and Qazvin provinces.[10][11][12][13]

Tati language structure

In any language, roots and verb affixes constitute the most basic and important components of a language. The root is an element included in all the words of a lexical family and carries the basic meaning of those lexical items. A verb affix is an element added to the root to form a new meaning. In many new Iranian languages, verb affixes have been left almost unnoticed, and it will be possible, by the act of deriving roots, to clear up most of their structural and semantic ambiguities. Unlike the root, verb affixes can be easily identified and described. In many languages, verb affixes act as the base of verb formation and are often derived from a limited number of roots. Tati, Talysh, Mazandarani and Gilaki languages belong to North-western Iranian languages currently spoken along the coast of Caspian Sea. These languages which enjoy many old linguistic elements have not been duly studied from a linguistic perspective.[14]

In the field of phonetics Tati is similar to the rest of the north-western Iranian languages: it is distinguished by the persistence of Iranian *z, *s, *y-, * v- against the south-western d, h, j-, b-; development /ʒ/ < * j, */t͡ʃ/ against the south-west z, and the preservation of intervocalic and postvocalic *r and even, for a number of dialects, development rhotacism.

In the field of morphology, Tati is less analytical in structure than the south-western Iranian languages. Having lost the ancient foundations of classes and verb, tati preserved case (two case: direct, or subjective, and oblique). It is a gender-neutral language except in some name and verb formations.

Ergative in Tati language

Tati is an ergative language, i.e. "with transitive verbs the subject/agent of the verb is expressed by the direct case in the present tenses, but by the oblique in the past tenses, whereas the direct object/patient in the present tenses is expressed by the oblique, but by the direct in the past".[15]
Khalkhali is one of the Tati dialects spoken in Shahrood and Xorsh-rostam districts of Khalkhal. Khalkhali Tati is distinguished from other dialects producing ergative structures, because of the adherence of verb to semantic object, in number, person and specially in gender. Meanwhile, according to some evidence in this dialect, apart from past transitive verbs, some intransitive verbs are influenced by the ergative structure.[16]

Phonology

Consonants

The phonology is based on the Southern Tati dialects[17]:

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k	q	(ʔ)
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		χ, (χʷ)	h
	voiced	v	z	(ʒ)	(ɣ)
Nasal		m	n
Trill			r
Lateral			l
Approximant				j	(w)

The sound /ʒ/ only occurs before a voiced plosive /d/, and is most likely an allophone of /d͡ʒ/. A glottal stop /ʔ/ may only appear after some elongated vowel sounds, and is likely adopted from Persian loanwords. A labialized sound /χʷ/ occurs only before the vowel sound /ɑ/. The following sounds /r, v, q/ may allophonically range to the sounds [ɾ, β, ʁ]. In the Takestani dialect, /ɡ/ may have the allophone [ɣ].

The sound [w] does not occur as a phoneme, but it does occur when /u/ is preceding another vowel.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i			u
Mid	e	ø	(ə)	ɔ~o
	ɛ
Open	æ			ɑ

The vowel sound for /e/ is recognized as two sounds [ɛ, e], and allophonically as [ə].

In the Chali dialect, the /o/ phoneme is only realized as a diphthong [ɔu], whereas in Takestani, it is only recognized as ranging from [ɔ~o].[17]

Dialects

Tati has four main dialects:

1. South of Qazvin province (Tākestāni, Eshtehārdi, Chāli, Dānesfāni, Esfarvarini, Ebrāhim-ābādi, Sagz-ābādi)
2. Ardabil province (Khalkhāli)
3. Alborz mountains range (Damāvandi)
4. North Khorasan province (Khorāsāni)

Comparison of various Tati dialects[18]

English	Persian	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti	Tikhuri Tāti	Kurdish Kurmanji	Kurdish Sorani
Child	بچه Baĉĉe	zārin/bālā بالا/زارين	zāru زارو	zāru زارو	vaĉa وچه	eyāl عيال	vaĉa وچه	Zārok	منداڵ Mendāl / baĉka بەچکە
Rooftop	پشت بام Poŝtebām/Bālābun	bon بُن	bun بون	bön بون	bom بوم	bum بوم	bum بوم	Bān	بان Bān
Hand	دست Dast	Bāl بال	bāl بال	Bāl بال	Bāl بال	Bāl بال	bāl بال	Dest / lep	دەست Dast
Sharp	تيز Tiz	Tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	tij تيج	Tûj	تیژ Tij
Sister	خواهر Xāhar	Xāke خاکه	Xawaĉe خواچه	xawāke خوآکه	xāxor خاخور	xoār خُوآر	xoār خُوآر	Xûşk / xweng	خوشک Xûşk
Ablution/Wozu	وضو Wozu/Dastnamāz	dasnemāz دسنماز	dasta māz دست ماز	dasnemāz دسنماز	dasnemāz دسنماز	dastnemāz دست نِماز	dastnemāz دست نِماز	Destnimêj	دەستنوێژ Destniwêj
Housewife	کدبانو Kadbānu	keyvuniye/kalontare zeyniye کلُونتَره زينيه/کيوونيه	ĉeybānu چي بنوه	Keywānu کيوانو	Keywānu کيوانو	Kalentar کلنتر	xojirezan خوجيره زِن	Kebanî	کابان Kaban
Lentil	عدس Adas	marjomake مرجومکه	marjewa مرجوه	marjewa مرجوه	marju مرجو	marju مرجو	marju مرجو	nîsk	نیسک Nîsk
Calm	آرام Ārām/Denj	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	dinj دينج	aram	ئارام / بێدەنگ Aram / Bêdeng
Shout	فرياد Faryād	Harāy هرای	Harāy/qia قيه/هرای	harāy/qeya قيه/هرای	harāy/qiyu قيو/هرای	Qālmeqāl/harāy هرای/قال مِقال	Mara هَرَه	Hewar/qîr	هاوار Hawar

English	Persian	Pahlavi	Avestan	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti	Tikhuri Tāti	Kurmanji Kurdish	Kurdish Sorani
Dog	سگ Sag	sege	span	asbe/māĉĉiye ماچيه/اَسبه	Asba اَسبه	asba اَسبه	Sag سگ	Sage/māĉĉe ماچه/سَيگ	Sag/Māĉĉe ماچه/سَيگ	Kûçik / Seg	سەگ Seg
Bone	استخوان Ostexān	ast/xastak	ast	esqonj اسقُنج	Xaste خسته	Xaste خسته	Esdeqān اسدقان	Hasta هَستَه	hasta هَستَه	estî / hestî	ئێسک / هێسک Êsk / Hêsk
Lie	دروغ Doruq	drog/droo	droj	duru دورو	deru درو	doru دُرو	duru دورو	duru دورو	duru دورو	Deraw	درۆ Diro
Needle	سوزن Suzan	darzik/darzi	dereza	darzone درزُنه	darzena درزنه	darzena درزنه	darzan درزَن	darzen درزِن	darzen درزِن	Derzî	دەرزی Derzî
Face	چهره Ĉehre	ĉihr/ĉihrak		dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	Dêm	دەم و چاو/ ڕوو Dem û çaw / Rû
Groom	داماد Dāmād	zāmāt	zāmātar	zomā زُما	Zummā زوما	zeymā زیما	zāmā زاما	zāmā زاما	zāmā زاما	Zava	زاوا Zawa
House	خانه Xāne	Mābān	ke	kiye کیه	čia چیه	kia کیه	Xāne خانه	Xāneh خانه	Xāneh خانه	Xanî	خانوو / خانی Xanû / Xanî
Man	مرد Mard	mart	mereta	mardak مردک	miarda میرده	miarda میرده	Mardi مِردی	Mardak مَردِک	Mardak مَردِک	Mêr	پیاو / مەرد Piyaw / Merd
Lamb	بره Barre	varrak		Ware وَره	Wara وره	Wara وره	vara وره	vara وره	vara وره	Berx	بەرخ Berx
Bride	عروس Arus	vazyok	vaze	Weye ویه	Weya ویه	veya ویه		ayris/eris عریس/عَی ریس	ayris/eris عریس/عَی ریس	Bûk	بووک Bûk
Nose	بینی Bini	Pini	Pini	vinniye وینیه	venia ونیه	venia ونیه	vini وینی	vini وینی	vini وینی	Poz (nose) /Bîhn (smell)	لووت / کەپوو / بۆن Lût / Kepû / Bon (smell)
Wolf	گرگ Gorg	Gourg	vehraka	varg ورگ	varg ورگ	varg ورگ	verg وِرگ	gurg گورگ	gurg گورگ	Gur	گورگ Gurg

Other Tati dialects are Vafsi, Harzandi, Kho'ini, and Kiliti Eshtehardi.

Vafsi Tati

Vafsi is a dialect of Tati language spoken in the Vafs village and surrounding area in the Markazi province of Iran. The dialects of the Tafresh region share many features with the Central Plateau dialects, however their lexical inventory has many items in common with the Talysh subgroup.

Vafsi has six short vowel phonemes, five long vowel phonemes and two nasal vowel phonemes. The consonant inventory is basically the same as in Persian. Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine), number (singular, plural) and case (direct, oblique).

The oblique case marks the possessor (preceding the head noun), the definite direct object, nouns governed by a preposition, and the subject of transitive verbs in the past tense. Personal pronouns are inflected for number (singular, plural) and case (direct, oblique). A set of enclitic pronouns is used to indicate the agent of transitive verbs in the past tenses.

There are two demonstrative pronouns: one for near deixis, one for remote deixis. The use of the Persian ezafe construction is spreading, however there is also a native possessive construction, consisting of the possessor (unmarked or marked by the oblique case) preceding the head noun.

The verbal inflection is based on two stems: present and past stem. Person and number are indicated personal suffixes attached to the stem. In the transitive past tense the verb consists of the bare past stem and personal concord with the subject is provided by enclitic pronouns following the stem or a constituent preceding the verb. Two modal prefixes are used to convey modal and aspectual information. The past participle is employed in the formation of compound tenses.

Vafsi is a split ergative language: Split ergativity means that a language has in one domain accusative morphosyntax and in another domain ergative morphosyntax. In Vafsi the present tense is structured the accusative way and the past tense is structured the ergative way. Accusative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs are treated the same way and direct objects are treated another way. Ergative morphosyntax means that in a language subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are treated one way and subjects of transitive verbs are treated another way.

In the Vafsi past tense subjects of intransitive verbs and direct objects are marked by the direct case whereas subjects of transitive verbs are marked by the oblique case. This feature characterizes the Vafsi past tense as ergative.

The unmarked order of constituents is SOV like in most other Iranian languages.

Harzandi Tati

Main article: Harzandi dialect

Harzani is considered an endangered language with a little less than 30,000 speakers in present day.[19] Its speakers principally reside in the rural district of Harzand, particularly in the village known as Galin Ghaya/Kohriz. Harzani is also present in the neighboring villages of Babratein and Dash Harzand.[20]

As of now, Harzani has not been formally recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran, and thus receives no government support.[21]

Like other languages and dialects of the Iranian language family, Harzani follows a subject–object–verb (SOV) word order. It has nine vowels, and shares a consonant inventory with Persian. It further exhibits a split-ergative case system: its present tense is structured to follow nominative-accusative patterning, while its past tense follows ergative-absolutive.

One characteristic that distinguishes Harzani from related Northwestern Iranian languages is its change from an intervocalic /d/ to an /r/.[22] It also has a tendency to lengthen its vowels. For instance, it has the closed vowel /oe/.

Nouns and pronouns in Harzani do not reflect grammatical gender, but they do express case. Nouns, in particular, encode two cases: direct and oblique case, the first of which is not rendered morphologically, but the second is by attaching a suffix. Meanwhile, personal pronouns have three cases: direct, oblique, and possessive.

Verbs in Harzani are inflected for present tense and past tense. Information concerning person and number is reflected in suffixes that attach to these two verb stems. Modal and aspectual information is expressed using prefixes.

Kho'ini Tati

Main article: Kho'ini dialect

It is spoken in the village of Xoin and surrounding areas, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Zanjan city in northern Iran. The Xoini verbal system follows the general pattern found in other Tati dialects. However, the dialect has its own special characteristics such as continuous present which is formed by the past stem, a preverb shift, and the use of connective sounds. The dialect is in danger of extinction.

Nouns have two cases: direct and oblique. Contrary to the often case in Persian, adjective is not Post-positive.

The suffixes may be attached to the verb; the agent of the verb in an ergative construction; an adverb; a prepositional or postpositional phrase; and in a compound verb to its nominal Complement.

The same set of endings is used for the present and the subjunctive. The endings of the preterit and the present perfect are basically the enclitic present forms of the verb 'to be' (*ah-, here called base one). For pluperfect and subjunctive perfect the freestanding auxiliary verb 'to be' (*bav-, here called base two) is utilized. There is no ending for singular imperative and it is -ân for plural. For the inflections of "to be" see "Auxiliary inflection" below.

The past and present stems are irregular and shaped by historical developments, e.g.: ^wuj- / ^wut- (to say); xaraš-/xarat- (to sell); taj-/tat- (to run). However, in many verbs the past stem is built on the present stem by adding -(e)st; e.g.: brem- → bremest- (to weep).

The imperative is formed by the modal prefix be- if the verb contains no preverb, plus the present stem and without ending in the singular and with -ân in the plural. be- is often changed to bi-, bo- or bu- according to the situation, and appears as b- before a vowel of a verbal stem.

Kiliti Tati

Kiliti is a Tati dialect of Azerbaijan that is closely related to Talysh. It is spoken in the villages around Kilit, located 12 kilometers southwest from the city of Ordubad in a district with the same name of Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan.

Tati and Talysh

Tati and Talysh are Northwestern Iranian languages which are close to each other. Although Talysh and Tati are two languages that have affected each other in various levels, the degree of this effect in different places are not the same. In fact the very closeness of the two dialects has been a major reason for impossibility of drawing clear borderlines between them. It happens that Tati varieties can be seen in the heart of Talysh districts, or Talysh varieties are found in the center of Tati districts. This claim is supported by focusing on linguistic characteristics of Tati and Talysh, the history of the interrelation between the two dialects, geographical parameters of the area, as well as the phonological, morphological, and lexical examples.[23]

Comparison of Talysh and various Tati dialects

English	Persian	Astārāi Talysh	Tākestāni Tāti	Sagzābādi Tāti	Ebrāhimābādi Tāti	Ardabilaki Tāti	Ziārāni Tāti	Kurmanji Kurdish
Down	پایین pāyin	jina جینه	jir جیر	jirā جیرا	jirā جیرا	jir جیر	jir/jirā جیرا/جیر	jêr [zhêr]
Father	پدر pedar	dādā دادا	dādā دادا	dada دده	dada دده	dādā/piyar پیر/دادا	dada/piyar پیر/دده	bav
Bitter	تلخ talx	tel تِل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل	tal تل	tel / tal
Girl	دختر doxtar	kela کِلَه	titiye تیتیه	titia تی تیه	titia تی تیه	detari دتری	detari دتری	dot (daughter) keç (girl)
Mad	دیوانه divāne	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tur تور	tûre
Woman	زن zan	žen ژِن	zeyniye زینیه	zania زنیه	zania زنیه	zen زِن	zenek زنک	jin [zhen]
White	سفید sefid	ispi ایسپی	isbi ایسبی	esbi اسبی	sebi سبی	sivid سوید	isbi ایسبی	spî
Chicken	مرغ morq	kāg کاگ	karke کرکه	čarga چرگه	karga کرگه	kerg کرگ	kerg کرگ	mirîşk [merishk]
Ladder	نردبان nardebān	serd سِرد	aselte اَسلته	sorda سورده	sorda سورده		palkān/palkāna پلکانه/پلکان	nêrdevan
Face	چهره čehre	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dim دیم	dêm

See also

• Alviri-Vidari language
• Tat people (Iran)
• northwestern Iranian languages

References

1. Takestani at Ethnologue (10th ed., 1984). Note: Data may come from the 9th edition (1978).
2. Harzani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
3. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii
4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kho'ini". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ramand-Karaj". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Taromic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
7. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Rudbari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
8. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harzani-Kilit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
9. A Grammar of Southern Tati Dialects, Ehsan Yarshater, Median Dialect Studies I. The Hague and Paris, Mouton and Co., 1969.
10. it is also spoken in some villages like Vafs and Chehreghan in the central areas of Iran like Gholamhossein Mosahab's The Persian Encyclopedia
11. Paul, Ludwig (1998a). The position of Zazaki among West Iranian languages. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference of Iranian Studies, 11-15.09.1995, Cambridge, Nicholas Sims-Williams (ed.), 163-176. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
12. Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 496.
13. "Azari, the Old Iranian Language of Azerbaijan," Encyclopædia Iranica, op. cit., Vol. III/2, 1987 by E. Yarshater. External link:
14. Verb Roots and Affixes in Tâti, Tâleshi and Gilaki Dialects, Jahandust Sabzalipoor
15. Iranica entry on Eshtehārdi, one of Tati dialects
16. Ergative in Tāti Dialect of Khalkhāl, Jahandust Sabzalipoor
17. Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1969). A grammar of southern Tati dialects. The Hague: Mouton.
18. http://www.mehremihan.ir/language-and-dialect/2956-tati-ghazvini.html
19. Harzani at Ethnologue (17th Edition, 2014)]
20. Karimzadeh, J. 1994: "The Verbal Constructions in Azari (Harzani Dialect)." Master’s thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University.
21. Harzani at Languages of the World (LLOW)
22. https://archive.org/stream/HeningTati/2011_6_10-theAncientLanguageOfAzerbaijan_djvu.txt
23. Tāleshi Indications in Tāti Districts of Khalkhāl, Jahandust Sabzalipoor

External links

• Iranica entry on Eshtehārdi, one of Tati dialects
• Windfuhr: New West Iranian
• Grammar of the Talysh language in Russian