Talaromycosis

Talaromycosis (formerly known as penicilliosis or penicillosis) is an infection caused by Talaromyces marneffei.[1][2][3]

Talaromycosis
SpecialtyInfectious disease 

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are fever, skin lesions, anemia, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually made by identification of the fungus from clinical specimens. Biopsies of skin lesions, lymph nodes, and bone marrow demonstrate the presence of organisms on histopathology.

Treatment

Talaromyces marneffei demonstrates in vitro susceptibility to multiple antifungal agents including ketoconazole, itraconazole,[4] miconazole, flucytosine, and amphotericin B. Without treatment patients have a poor prognosis; death occur by liver failure as the fungus releases toxins in the bloodstream. The elevation of liver enzyme in the blood helps to establish a diagnosis.

Epidemiology

Once considered rare, its occurrence has increased due to AIDS. It is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[5]

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References
  1. Desakorn V, Smith MD, Walsh AL, et al. (January 1999). "Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection by quantitation of urinary antigen by using an enzyme immunoassay". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 37 (1): 117–21. PMC 84182. PMID 9854074.
  2. Ning, Chuanyi; Lai, Jingzhen; Wei, Wudi; Zhou, Bo; Huang, Jiegang; Jiang, Junjun; Liang, Bingyu; Liao, Yanyan; Zang, Ning (2018). "Accuracy of rapid diagnosis of Talaromyces marneffei: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0195569. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1395569N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195569. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5886574. PMID 29621346.
  3. Chastain, Daniel B.; Henao-Martínez, Andrés F.; Franco-Paredes, Carlos (2017-08-22). "Opportunistic Invasive Mycoses in AIDS: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiodomycosis, and Talaromycosis". Current Infectious Disease Reports. 19 (10): 36. doi:10.1007/s11908-017-0592-7. ISSN 1523-3847. PMID 28831671.
  4. Wu TC, Chan JW, Ng CK, Tsang DN, Lee MP, Li PC (April 2008). "Clinical presentations and outcomes of Penicillium marneffei infections: a series from 1994 to 2004". Hong Kong Med J. 14 (2): 103–9. PMID 18382016.
  5. Chastain, Daniel B.; Henao-Martínez, Andrés F.; Franco-Paredes, Carlos (2017-08-22). "Opportunistic Invasive Mycoses in AIDS: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiodomycosis, and Talaromycosis". Current Infectious Disease Reports. 19 (10): 36. doi:10.1007/s11908-017-0592-7. ISSN 1523-3847. PMID 28831671.
Classification
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