Synziphosurina

Synziphosurina is a paraphyletic group of chelicerate arthropods previously though to be basal horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura).[4] It was later identified as a grade compose of basal euchelicerates,[4][5][6][3][2] eventually excluded form the monophyletic Xiphosura sensu stricto[4] and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura' sensu lato).[3][5] Synziphosurines survived at least since early Ordovician to early Carboniferous in ages, with most species are known from the in-between Silurian strata.[2]

Synziphosurina
Temporal range: Early Ordovician–Mississippian
Venustulus waukeshaensis (top left), Cyamocephalus loganensis (top right), Weinbergina opitzi (center), Limuloides limuloides (bottom left), and Legrandella lombardii (bottom right).
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Clade: Prosomapoda
Suborder: †Synziphosurina
Packard 1886
Genus[1][2][3]

Synziphosurines characterized by an opisthosoma with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by tergites, and the last 3 opisthosomal segments precede the spine-like telson may form a narrow postabdomen or pretelson.[2] Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a few species showing possible (e.g. Weinbergina opitzi) or clear (e.g. Legrandella lombardii) evidences of lateral compound eyes on their carapace (prosomal dorsal shield)[7][2]. Evidences of appendages are at least known from Anderella parva,[8] Venustulus waukeshaensis,[9] and Weinbergina opitzi.[10][2]

As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines.[2] The even basal euchelicerates Offacolus and Dibasterium, as well as the Dekatriata-related Houia and Winneshiekia, may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.[11][5][6][12]

References
  1. W. Krzemiński, E. Krzemińska, and D. Wojciechowski. 2010. Silurian synziphosurine horseshoe crab Pasternakevia revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55(1):133-139 [A. Hendy/A. Hendy/J. Karr]
  2. Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020). "Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00098. ISSN 2296-6463.
  3. Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. pp. 1–296.
  4. Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01). "Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  5. Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015). "An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (6): n/a–n/a. ISSN 0300-3256.
  6. Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015). "A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids". The Science of Nature. 102 (9–10): 63. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5. ISSN 0028-1042.
  7. Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14). "New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 187 (4): 1061–1077. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065. ISSN 0024-4082.
  8. Moore, Rachel A.; McKENZIE, Scott C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2007). "A Carboniferous Synziphosurine (xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, Usa". Palaeontology. 50 (4): 1013–1019. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x. ISSN 1475-4983.
  9. Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Braddy, Simon J.; Anderson, Lyall I.; Mikulic, Donald G.; Kluessendorf, Joanne (2005). "A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (2): 242–250. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)0792.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
  10. Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Bartels, Christoph. "A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 79 (3): 399–408. ISSN 0031-0220.
  11. Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Siveter, David J.; Sutton, Mark D.; Garwood, Russell J.; Legg, David (2012-09-25). "Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (39): 15702–15705. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205875109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 22967511.
  12. Bicknell, Russell D.C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019). "Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18 (8): 967–976. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002.
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