Synetinae

The Synetinae are a small subfamily within the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae). They are found entirely within the Holarctic, mainly in North America but also appearing in parts of Europe and Asia. The subfamily contains only two genera, Syneta and Thricolema, with a total of 12 described species. The group is sometimes treated as a tribe of Eumolpinae, where they are known as Synetini.

Synetinae
Syneta sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Chrysomelidae
Subfamily:	Synetinae LeConte & Horn, 1883[1]
Genera
Syneta Thricolema

Classification

Historically, the genera Syneta and Thricolema were placed within the Orsodacnidae, which was formerly considered a subfamily within the Chrysomelidae. The family-group name was first proposed as "Synetae" in 1883 by John Lawrence LeConte and George Henry Horn, though it is often attributed instead to J. Gordon Edwards (1953) who classified Orsodacnidae as a family and established Synetinae as a subfamily (though he believed that they differed enough to be considered a separate family, Synetidae).[2] The Synetinae were later recognised as a subfamily within Chrysomelidae.[3]

In a 1995 cladistic analysis of the leaf beetle subfamilies, Australian entomologist Chris A.M. Reid treated the Synetinae as a tribe (Synetini) within the subfamily Eumolpinae, based on the similarities of the larvae of Syneta with those in the Eumolpinae. However, the inclusion of Syneta in the Eumolpinae was disputed by other leaf beetle workers, who argued that the morphological data does not support their inclusion and that the similarities in larval characters are superficial, and that therefore Synetinae should be retained as a separate subfamily. The exact relationship of Synetinae with the other leaf beetle subfamilies is still unclear.[4][5]

References

1. Silfverberg, H. (2010). "Synetinae". In Löbl, I.; Smetana, A. (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books. p. 643. ISBN 978-87-88757-84-2.
2. Edwards, J. G. (1953). "Species of the genus Syneta of the World (Coleoptera : Chrysomeloidea)". The Wasmann Journal of Biology. 11 (1): 23–82.
3. Chûjô, M. (1959). 日本のハムシ（2）：ホソハムシ亜科 [Chrysomelid-Beetles of Japan (2): Subfamily Synetinae] (PDF). Entomological Review of Japan (in Japanese with English abstract). 10 (1): 18–23.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
4. Jolivet, Pierre; Verma, Krishna K. (2008). "Eumolpinae – a widely distributed and much diversified subfamily of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)" (PDF). Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews. 1 (1): 3–37. doi:10.1163/187498308X345424.
5. Lawrence, John F.; Ślipiński, Adam (2014). "2.7.12 Synetinae LeConte and Horn, 1883". In Leschen, R.A.B.; Beutel, R.G. (eds.). Handbook of Zoology. Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Berlin - Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 278–284. doi:10.1515/9783110274462.189. ISBN 978-3-11-027370-0.