Suwałki

Suwałki [suˈvau̯kʲi] (listen) (Lithuanian: Suvalkai; Yiddish: סואוואַלק‎, German: Suwalken, 1941–1944 Sudauen) is a city in northeastern Poland with a population of 69,420 (2011). It is the capital of Suwałki County and one of the most important centers of commerce in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.[1] Suwałki is the largest city and the capital of the historical Suwałki Region. Until 1999 it was the capital of Suwałki Voivodeship. Suwałki is located about 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the southwestern Lithuanian border and gives its name to the Polish protected area known as Suwałki Landscape Park. The Czarna Hańcza river flows through the city.

Suwałki
  • From top, left to right: Historic townhouses in the city centre
  • Saint Alexander church
  • Town Hall
  • Saints Peter and Paul church
Flag
Coat of arms
Suwałki
Suwałki
Coordinates: 54°06′04″N 22°55′57″E
Country Poland
Voivodeship Podlaskie
Countycity county
Established1690
Town rights1720
Government
 • PresidentCzesław Renkiewicz
Area
 • Total65.24 km2 (25.19 sq mi)
Elevation
170 m (560 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total69,527
 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
16-400 to 16-403
Area code(s)+48 87
Car platesBS
Websitehttp://www.um.suwalki.pl/

History
Yotvingian kurgan

The area of Suwałki had been populated by local Yotvingian and Prussian tribes since the early Middle Ages. However, with the arrival of the Teutonic Order to Yotvingia, their lands were conquered and remained largely depopulated in the following centuries.

17th century

The village was founded by Camaldolese monks, who in 1667 were granted the area surrounding the future town by the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland John II Casimir. Soon afterwards the monastic order built its headquarters in Wigry, where a monastery and a church were built.

The new owners of the area started rapid economic exploitation and development of the forests; they brought enough settlers (mainly from overpopulated Masovia) to build several new villages in the area. Also, production of wood, lumber, tar and iron ore was started. The village was first mentioned in 1688; two years later it was reported to have just two houses.

18th century
Resursa - once a trading point, now a museum

However, the growth of the village was fast and by 1700 it was split into Lesser and Greater Suwałki. The village was located almost exactly in the center of Camaldolese estates and lay on the main trade route linking Grodno and Merkinė with Königsberg.

In 1710 King Augustus II the Strong granted the village a privilege to organize fairs and markets. Five years later, in 1715, the village was granted town rights by the grand master of the order, Ildefons. The town was divided into 300 lots for future houses and its inhabitants were granted civil rights and exempted from taxes for seven years. In addition, the town was granted 18.03 square kilometres (6.96 sq mi) of forest that was to be turned into arable land. On May 2, 1720, the town rights were approved by King August II, and the town was allowed to organize one fair a week and four markets a year. In addition, a coat of arms was approved, depicting Saint Roch and Saint Romuald.

After the Partitions of Poland in 1795, the area was annexed by Prussia. In 1796 the monastery in Wigry was dissolved and its property confiscated by the Prussian government. The following year a seat of local powiat authorities was moved to the town, as well as a military garrison. By the end of the 18th century, Suwałki had 1,184 inhabitants and 216 houses. A large part of the population was Jewish.

19th century
St Alexander Church, built in the 19th century

In 1807 Suwałki became a salient of the newly formed Duchy of Warsaw and one of the centres of the department of Łomża. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Congress of Vienna, the area was incorporated into the Congress Poland ("Russian Poland"). The status of a powiat capital was briefly withdrawn, but it was reintroduced on January 16, 1816, when the Augustów Voivodeship was created and its government was gradually moved to Suwałki. Soon afterwards the older town hall was demolished and replaced with a new one, and General Józef Zajączek financed the paving of most of the town's streets. The cemetery was moved to the outskirts from the town centre, and that area became a town park. Also, the Russian authorities built the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway, which added to the town's prosperity.

In 1820 a new church was built. In 1821 the first synagogue was opened. In 1829 a permanent post office was opened in Suwałki. Between 1806 and 1827 the town's population almost tripled and reached 3,753 people living in 357 houses. During the November Uprising of 1831, the town's population took part in the struggles against Russia, but the town was pacified by the Russian army on February 11, 1830. In 1835 the government of Tsar Nicholas I decided not to move the capital of the voivodeship to Augustów. Two years later the Voivodeships of Poland were re-designated as gubernias, and the town became the capital of the Augustów Gubernia.

Childhood home of poet Maria Konopnicka (1842–1910)
Childhood home of painter Alfred Kowalski (1849–1915)

In 1826 the Russians passed an investment plan and authorities initiated the construction of new public buildings. In 1835 a police station was built, in 1844 a new town hall and Orthodox and Protestant churches were completed. Soon afterwards a new marketplace was opened, as well as St. Peter's and Paul's hospital and a gymnasium. In addition, between 1840 and 1849 the main Catholic church was refurbished by many of Poland's most notable architects of the era, including Piotr Aigner, Antonio Corazzi and Enrico Marconi. To change the town's architecture and break with its rural past, in 1847 the town council passed a decree banning the construction of new wooden houses.

Town hall, built in 1844

The town's population continued to grow rapidly. In 1857 it had 11,273 inhabitants and in 1872 almost 20,000. Newly built factories needed workers and these were brought from recruited widely in Europe. The mixed Polish-Jewish-Lithuanian population was soon joined by people of almost all denominations that worshipped in the Russian Empire.

Soon Suwałki became the fourth-most populous town in Congress Poland. After the January Uprising of 1863, administration reform was passed to unify the Polish lands with Russia completely. In 1866 the gubernia of Augustów was renamed to Suwałki Gubernia. However, the route of the newly built Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railway bypassed Suwałki, adversely affecting its prosperity. It was not until the early 20th century that the establishment of a new Russian army garrison revived the economy. Also, a railway line linking Suwałki with Grodno was finally completed.

20th century to present
Kosciuszko street with historic tenements

After the spring of 1905, when the Russians were forced to accept a limited liberalization, the period of Polish cultural revival started. Although the Polish language was still banned from official use, new Polish schools were opened, as well as a Polish-language Tygodnik Suwalski weekly and a library. After World War I broke out, heavy fights for the area erupted. Finally in 1915, the Germans broke the Russian front and Suwałki was under German occupation. The town and surrounding areas were detached from the rest of the Polish lands and were directly administered by the German military commander of the Ober-Ost Army. Severe laws imposed by the German military command and the tragic economic situation of the civilians led to the creation of various secret social organisations. Finally, in 1917, local branches of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa were created.

After the collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918, the local commander of the Ober-Ost signed an agreement with the Temporary Council of the Suwałki Region and de facto allowed for the region to be incorporated into Poland. However, the German army remained in the area and continued its economic exploitation. In February 1919 the local inhabitants took part in the first free elections to the Polish Sejm, but soon afterwards the German commanders changed their mind. They expelled the Polish military units from the area and in May passed the territory to Lithuanian authority.

Old houses and tenements on Mickiewicz Street

Independent Poland

By the end of July 1919, the Paris Peace Conference granted the town to Poland. As the newly-established border was disapproved of by the Polish government, it organised the Sejny Uprising on August 23, 1919. The Polish-Lithuanian War erupted and for several days fights were fought for the control over Suwałki, Sejny and other towns in the area. The war ended on the insistence of the Entente in mid-September. Negotiations took place in Suwałki in early October. During the Polish-Bolshevik War, the town was captured by the Communists and, after the Battle of Warsaw, it was again passed to the Lithuanians. It was retaken by the Polish Army.

In the interbellum period, Suwałki became an autonomous town within the Białystok Voivodeship (1919-1939). This resulted in another period of prosperity, with the town's population rising from 16,780 in 1921 to almost 25,000 in 1935. The main source of income shifted from agriculture to trade and commerce. Also, in 1931 the new water works and a power plant were built. Also, Suwałki continued to serve as one of the biggest garrisons in Poland, with two regiments of the Polish 29th Infantry Division and almost an entire Suwałki Cavalry Brigade stationed there. Beginning in 1928, Suwałki was established as the headquarters of one of the battalions of the Border Defence Corps.

Second World War
World War II destructions in Suwałki

During the later stages of the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town was briefly captured by the Red Army. However, on October 12 of the same year, the Soviets withdrew and transferred the area to the Germans, in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The city was renamed Sudauen and annexed directly into Nazi Germany's province of East Prussia. Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles as part of Intelligenzaktion in the fall of 1939 and spring of 1940.[2] Arrested Poles were deported to a transit camp in Działdowo or murdered on the spot.[3] Nazi German severe laws and terrorism led to the creation of several resistance organisations in response. Although most initially destroyed by the Gestapo, by 1942 the area had one of the strongest ZWZ and AK networks. In the Szwajcaria district there are mass graves of members of the Polish resistance movement murdered by the Germans on April 26, 1940 and April 1, 1944.

Memorial at the site of a German execution of 16 Poles carried out on April 1, 1944.
Memorial at the site of Suwałki Jewish Cemetery desecrated and destroyed by Nazi Germany. Only fragments of gravestones remain today.

Despite the resistance, almost all of the town's once 7,000-strong Jewish community was deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Nazis attacked and desecrated the Jewish cemetery, where a memorial and wall of fragments stands today.

Also, in Suwałki's suburb of Krzywólka, the Germans established a POW camp for almost 120,000 Soviet prisoners of war. On October 23, 1944, the town was captured by the forces of the Soviet 3rd Belarusian Front. The fights for the town and its environs lasted for several days and took the lives of almost 5,000 Soviet soldiers before they defeated the Germans. The anti-Soviet resistance of former Armia Krajowa members lasted in the forests surrounding the town until the early 1950s.

Polish People's Republic

The apparatus subordinate to the Polish Committee of National Liberation took power in Suwałki without major problems. Immediately after the city's liberation by units of the Red Army, on October 23, 1944, at 3:00 PM Stanisław Łapot, a member of the former Communist Party of Poland, one of the organizers of the Polish Workers' Party in Bialystok, came from Sejny to Suwałki, as well as the representative of the Provincial National Council in Bialystok in the Suwałki District and his Starosta. He was accompanied by several officials previously organized in Sejny of poviat authorities with the deputy head of Edmund Przybylski, as well as Tadeusz Sobolewski - the president of the interim (hull) Poviat Council. On the same day, at Mickiewicz Square, supposedly spontaneously organized, so with the participation of new authorities and over five thousand inhabitants of the city, and then in the "Rusałka" cinema hall a meeting of representatives of the population with the envoys of the Polish Committee of National Rebirth. Actions aimed at organizing the Suwałki authorities were taken shortly after the liberation. The Starosta handed over the power in the city to the temporary mayor Tadeusz Sobolewski on October 24, 1944, who earlier in Sejny was a member of the City Council, City Board, and also the mayor. The commissariat of Suwałki was established. In turn, on November 7, a conference of representatives of provincial authorities with local authorities was held. As agreed, the first meeting of the Suwałki City Council took place the next day. On November 20, 1944, the board decided to locate its office in a private, Jewish building, partly abandoned, at 62/64 Kościuszki street (occupied by German offices during the war), as the town hall building was severely damaged[4]. In December 1944, the City Board did not gather, and its functions were performed by President T. Sobolewski11.

Historic townhouses at Kościuszki Street in the 1950s

The transitional state in the organization and functioning of the Suwałki authorities was properly completed in January 1945. Most probably then or at the beginning of February the staroste S. Łapot issued an oral but very important order to subordinate Suwałki to the administration of the poviat level. In this way, he deprived them of the status they had until September 1939, a city separated from the poviat municipal association. Over the next few years, this matter was dealt with by various authorities, from municipal to central. This controversial problem appeared on March 27, 1945, on the initiative of the mayor Tadeusz Sobolewski, at the third meeting of the City National Council. The governor Wacław Kraśko, who was present at it, was rather reluctant to propose separating the city from the poviat and pointed to the need to improve, first and foremost, the situation and condition of municipal enterprises. The Council decided to postpone the case.

Another politician calling for restoring Suwałki to restore legal status before September 1, 1939 was mayor Wacław Rudzki. At the Municial National Council meeting on March 25, 1946, he submitted the first motion to separate the city from the poviat, which was motivated by prestigious, historical and financial considerations. The Council shared the submitted arguments and decided, through the Poviat National Council, to apply to the Voivodeship National Council in Bialystok with a request to include the city separated from poviat self-government associations. Much more radical decisions, undoubtedly also under the influence of W. Rudzki, MRN made at its meeting on May 27, 1946. She decided that the rescript of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of December 1919 about the separation of Suwałki from the poviat remains in force, therefore she is the council of the separated city and reports to the Provincial National Council in Bialystok. The Council also elected, without discussion and by acclamation, the incumbent mayor of the city, mayor W. Rudzki. After this revolt, the reaction of the superior authorities was swift. Already in mid-June 1946, the voivode demanded that the chairman of the Suwałki Poviat Department (staroste) suspend the implementation of the Municipal National Council resolutions of 27 May, while informing that in the matter of restoring Suwałki's rights as a separate city, he turned to the Ministry of Public Administration. And indeed the voivode, writing favorably about Suwałki, their development and the achievements of the authorities, mainly W. Rudzki, asked the ministry for guidelines and a suggestion of a positive resolution of the case, although the relevant regulations did not allow it, mainly because the number of inhabitants of the city did not reach 25,000 After the lapse of the month, Rudzki not only did not become president, but also resigned from the position of mayor. Nevertheless, on July 25, 1946, the MRN decided to send a delegation of councilors composed of Leon Bracławski, Józef Wiszniewski and Antoni Zalewski to the Ministry of the Interior to support current activities and accelerate the restoration of Suwałki's rights of a separated city.

Martial law

During the martial law and rise of Solidarnosc in the early 80s, the organization demanded to hand over the buildings of the Polish United Workers 'Party and the Citizens' Militia to social purposes, mainly schools, kindergartens and hospitals. This position was taken by the Inter-Enterprise Founding Committee of the Solidarity Independent Trade Union in Giżycko and Suwałki against the party complex in 83 Noniewicza street. The first round of talks on this matter with representatives of authorities (including central ones) took place on January 28, 1981. The solidarity side emphasized the transfer to the newly built buildings of medical clinics, a community center for youth and a music school. It strengthened its position with over 18 thousand signatures of the inhabitants of the region. No agreement was reached, because the authorities did not want to hand over the building.[5] Before the next round of talks on the night of February 14-15, under the cover of the Citizens' Militia and Security Service, the PZPR KW was moved to new buildings. This action caused widespread indignation in the whole province, not only among the members of Solidarity. After the war, Suwałki was retained as the capital of the powiat. However, the heavily damaged town recovered very slowly, and the Communist economic system could not support the reinvestment needed. In 1975 new administrative reform was passed; Suwałki was designated as the capital of a separate Suwałki Voivodeship. The number of inhabitants rose rapidly, and by the end of the 1970s, the population was over 36,000. Large factories were built in the town, and it became one of the important industrial and commercial centres of Eastern Poland.

Following the end of Communist rule in 1989, Suwałki had a difficult period in transitioning to a new economic system. Most of the town's major factories were inefficient and went bankrupt. Creation of the Suwałki Special Economic Zone and the proximity of the Russian and Lithuanian borders opened new possibilities for local trade and commerce. In addition, the region began to attract many tourists from all around the world. In the 21st century, residents of Suwałki frequently travel across the Russian and Lithuanian borders for shopping trips as well as to make use of the various attractions both countries offer.

According to the 2002 census, the city had a Lithuanian community of 326 people.[6]

Demographics

2002 – 68,923 inhabitants,
by nationality:[7]

  • Poles – 98.0% (67,556);
  • Lithuanians – 0.5% (326);
  • Romani people – 0.2% (104);
  • Russians – 0.1% (80);
  • Other – 1.2% (857).

1931 – 21,826 inhabitants,
by language:[8]

  • Polish – 71.0% (15,489);
  • Yiddish – 21.4% (4,660);
  • Hebrew – 4.9% (1,078);
  • Russian – 1.8% (386);
  • German – 0.5% (102);
  • Ukrainian – 0.3% (63);
  • Lithuanian – 0.1% (20);
  • Belarusian – 0.04% (8);
  • Other – 13;
  • Unspecified – 7.

1921 – 16,780 inhabitants,
by nationality:[9]

  • Poles – 69.8% (11,719);
  • Jews – 28.6% (4,804);
  • Russians – 0.9% (159);
  • Germans – 0.3% (54);
  • Lithuanians – 0.1% (21);
  • Belarusians – 0.1% (15);
  • Other – 8.

1897 – 22,648 inhabitants,
by language:[10]

  • Polish – 38.7% (8,768);
  • Jewish – 32.9% (7,454);
  • Russian – 21.6% (4,894);
  • German – 3.0% (670);
  • Belarusian – 1.0% (221);
  • Tatar – 0.8% (180);
  • Ukrainian – 0.6% (147);
  • Chuvash – 0.5% (118)
  • Lithuanian – 0.5% (110);
  • Mari – 0.1% (14);
  • Other – 0.3% (72).

Climate

Suwałki has a humid continental climate with warm summer and cold winters (Köppen: Dfb), one of the coldest in the country.[11] It is characterized by cold winters and fairly warm summers. During the winter nights temperature can fall below −25 °C (−13 °F), but in summer the temperature can increase above 30 °C (86 °F). Snow in Suwałki remains for the longest period among Polish municipalities, i.e. for more than 100 days . Suwałki is called the "Polish pole of cold" because it has the lowest average temperature in the whole of Poland, excepting mountain resorts.[12]

Climate data for Suwałki
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 16.8
(62.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 29.2
(84.6)		 32.2
(90.0)		 37.0
(98.6)		 35.2
(95.4)		 30.8
(87.4)		 23.9
(75.0)		 13.9
(57.0)		 11.3
(52.3)		 37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 2.1
(35.8)		 10.2
(50.4)		 18.5
(65.3)		 20.6
(69.1)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 16.4
(61.5)		 11.8
(53.2)		 4.0
(39.2)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 10.1
(50.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 6.0
(42.8)		 12.9
(55.2)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.2
(63.0)		 16.1
(61.0)		 11.8
(53.2)		 6.9
(44.4)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 6.3
(43.3)
Average low °C (°F) −6.6
(20.1)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.8
(49.6)		 12.0
(53.6)		 10.8
(51.4)		 7.2
(45.0)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 2.5
(36.5)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9)		 −30.3
(−22.5)		 −28.8
(−19.8)		 −12.3
(9.9)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 1.7
(35.1)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −14.2
(6.4)		 −22.1
(−7.8)		 −26.8
(−16.2)		 −35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4)		 25
(1.0)		 31
(1.2)		 38
(1.5)		 53
(2.1)		 78
(3.1)		 77
(3.0)		 77
(3.0)		 53
(2.1)		 47
(1.9)		 47
(1.9)		 41
(1.6)		 603
(23.7)
Average precipitation days 15 13 15 12 12 14 15 14 13 16 15 15 169
Average relative humidity (%) 85 85 85 82 77 77 79 80 80 82 85 86 82
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35 53 92 153 219 225 222 212 150 89 46 32 1,528
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Source 2: Statistics Poland

Tourist attractions
Andrzej Strumiłło Gallery
Suwałki Plaza shopping mall
  • Kościuszko street with classicist architecture
  • Romantic 19th-century park
  • St. Alexander's Church
  • St. Peter's and Paul's Church
  • Chłodna Street pedestrian zone
  • District Museum at the former Resursa (trading point)
  • Town Hall (Ratusz)
  • Former gymnasium building
  • Museum of Polish poet Maria Konopnicka at her childhood home
  • Monument to Maria Konopnicka
  • Andrzej Strumiłło Gallery
  • 19th century brewery of Wacław Kunc
  • Childhood home of Polish painter Alfred Kowalski
  • Cemetery complex on Bakałarzewska street (Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Jewish and Muslim)
  • Suwałki Plaza, a shopping mall and cinema complex that opened in 2010. The mall contains stores with various products such as groceries, books, clothing, shoes and accessories.

Education
  • Wyższa Szkoła Służby Społecznej im. Ks. Franciszka Blachnickiego
  • Wyższa Szkoła Suwalsko-Mazurska im. Papieża Jana Pawła II
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Suwałkach[14]

Sport
Municipal Stadium

Volleyball team Ślepsk Suwałki is based in Suwałki. It plays in the PlusLiga, Poland's top division. Also football club Wigry Suwałki is based in the town. They currently play in the I liga, the second tier in Polish football.

Notable residents
Edward Szczepanik, Prime Minister of The Government
of the Polish Republic in Exile
Andrzej Wajda, film director and recipient of an Honorary Oscar
Main article: List of people from Suwałki

Over the centuries Suwałki has produced a number of persons who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. A list of recent notable persons includes, but is not limited to:

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – sister cities

Suwałki is twinned with:

  • Noniewicz Street
  • Evangelical Church
  • Sacred Heart Church
  • Officers' Mess
  • Czarna Hańcza in Suwałki
  • High school No. 1
  • High school No. 2
  • Monument of poet Maria Konopnicka
  • Old townhouses in the city center
  • Former barracks
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See also

References
  1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-10-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, IPN, Warszawa, 2009, p. 234 (in Polish)
  3. Wardzyńska, p. 234-235
  4. [https://wkusuwalki.wp.mil.pl/pl/pages/tradycje-2019-02-06-7/ HISTORIA WOJSKOWEJ KOMENDY UZUPEŁNIEŃ W SUWAŁKACH]
  5. Partia nie chciała oddać
  6. "Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku". old.stat.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  7. "(Polish Census of 2002) Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku". old.stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  8. (Polish Census of 1931, Białystok Voivodeship) Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności z dn. 9. XII 1931 r. Województwo białostockie (PDF) (in Polish). GUS. 1938. p. 31.
  9. (Polish Census of 1921, Białystok Voivodeship) Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej opracowany na podstawie wyników Pierwszego Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych, Vol. 5, Województwo Białostockie (PDF) (in Polish). GUS. 1924. p. 80.
  10. "Russian Empire Census of 1897". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  11. "Clima Suwałki: Temperatura, Tempo e Dados climatológicos Suwałki - Climate-Data.org". pt.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  12. Climate Summary for closest city on record
  13. "Suwałki (12195) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  14. pwsz.suwalki.pl
  15. "Tarptautinis Bendradarbiavimas" [Druskininkai international cooperation]. Druskininkų savivaldybės administracija (in Lithuanian). 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2013-08-03.

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