Strataca

Strataca is a salt mine museum in Hutchinson, Kansas, United States. It was previously known as the Kansas Underground Salt Museum. The museum is built within one of the world's largest deposits of rock salt and provides the opportunity to go 650 feet (200 m) beneath the Earth’s surface. It is a unique destination attraction for exploring an environment carved from salt deposits formed 275 million years ago. The museum is located in the Hutchinson Salt Company mine which began operation in 1923 as Carey Salt Company. There are 14 other salt mines in the United States, but none of them are accessible to tourists.

Strataca
Main Entrance in 2008
Location within Kansas
EstablishedMay 1, 2007 (May 1, 2007)
Location3650 East Avenue G,
Hutchinson, KS 67501 USA
Coordinates38°02′37″N 97°52′03″W
TypeSalt Mining
Websiteunderkansas.org

History

The Salt Mining Industry in Hutchinson
Salt in cars on train tracks underground

A vast expanse underground, the Hutchinson Salt Company mine covers about 980 acres. If one were to consecutively line up each excavated area, the chamber would stretch for 150 miles (240 km). Natural pillars of solid rock salt 40 feet square are left intact to support each corridor or “room”.

Since 1923, Hutchinson Salt Company (formerly Carey Salt) has produced rock salt by the room and pillar mining fashion, which begins with a shaft sunk through the overlying rock to the salt deposit.[1] The salt is removed in a checkerboard pattern, in which large square caverns alternate with square pillars of salt that serve as support for the rock above. This pattern of mining also provides fresh, ventilated air in worker-occupied areas.

Blasting breaks the salt into manageable pieces, which are conveyed to crushers and removed to the surface through the shaft with large buckets on the hoist. The mine elevator is called the “skip” in the mining industry. Fully loaded it carries four tons of salt and makes a round trip every three minutes. This loaded skip is hoisted to the top electrically by a wire rope with jute core, and is used to transport miners to and from the mine as well as bring the mined salt topside. Because of the impurities (mostly shale and anhydrite), rock salt is used primarily as road salt.[2]

The method of producing rock salt has changed significantly over the years from men hacking at the salt-face with pick-axes to a highly efficient, modern industry. Every step of the journey that salt makes from the mine to the finished product is modern, mechanized, and efficient.

Another form of mining, solution mining or the evaporation process, is performed at Cargill Salt and Morton Salt, both located in Reno County.[3] Water is forced down a pipe into the salt deposit where it dissolves into brine which is pumped to the surface and heated to the point of evaporation, leaving behind a high grade of salt. Nearly everyone uses some type of evaporated salt every day.

Museum visitors ride on electric trams driven by docents for The Dark Ride segment of the visit underground. Miners have a different form of transportation—vehicles that run on bio-diesel fuel, or B100, a fuel that is almost 100% cooking oil. After the rail system was discontinued, miners switched to an alternative way to get around the mine—old junk cars. Initially, these cars were modified to run on diesel, but have been updated to use bio-diesel because it does not leave particles in the air. The Hutchinson Salt Company mine was the first mine in North America to convert underground vehicles to B100 fuel.

A salt car from the Carey Salt Company (now the Hutchinson Salt Company)

Salt produced at the Hutchinson Salt Company is called rock salt, and about 500,000 tons is mined each year. It is principally used for industrial purposes and for de-icing highways. When finely ground, it is used for feeding livestock. It is not used for table salt or other purposes requiring a very pure type of salt.[4]

In contrast, salt produced through the evaporation process produces common table salt, as well as salt used by pharmaceutical companies, food processors, and agricultural and chemical businesses.

Mines that are no longer in production can be used for a variety of purposes. Entrepreneurs of all likes have proposed using them for everything from prisons to massive chicken coops. The Hutchinson mine is home to Underground Vaults & Storage, a secure facility housing documents, artifacts, and other valuable material from around the world. Although natural gas companies sometimes use salt caverns for storing reserves and a salt mine in New Mexico even stores radioactive waste, the Hutchinson salt mine has never been used for anything other than storage of records—and now, of course, the Museum.[5]

The Reno County Historical Society

The Reno County Historical Society was organized by thirteen interested citizens in 1960, and received its charter from the Kansas Historical Society in 1961.[6] The Society did not have a permanent home for a museum until 1963 when it opened in five rooms in the downstairs area of a home belonging to RCHS founder and then president, Goldie Maupin. Mrs. Maupin lived in the home originally built by one of the former mayors of Hutchinson, J.P. Harsha, for whom the large drainage canal on the outskirts of the city was named.[7] By 1967, the society's collections outgrew the Harsha House and the Reno County Historical Museum was moved to nearby Haven, Kansas, a smaller community located 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Hutchinson.[8]

In Haven, the museum thrived for the first few years. Community leaders believed the museum would provide an anchor for downtown growth and the development of tourism in Haven. Efforts to gain a tax base for support from the Reno County mill levy for the museum were unsuccessful, however. The museum's home in historic Township Hall also began to deteriorate during the early 1970s. The roof began to leak and the basement periodically flooded. Collections storage areas also filled to capacity and the museum was forced to stop collecting artifacts in 1976. By that time, the collection had grown to approximately 10,000 artifacts, some of which were lost or ruined due to the terrible condition of the building and the lack of environmental control. Community support also ebbed as the condition of the museum facility grew worse. During the early 1980s the museum was only open on Sunday afternoons, and by appointment.

In 1984, the Reno County Historical Society's Board of Directors began a campaign to bring the museum back to the more heavily populated city of Hutchinson – which is also the county seat of Reno County. The Board convened a site selection committee and began a development fund drive that ultimately led to the purchase of the Kline Insurance Building and the Rosemont Hotel. Part of the funds were used to construct a link between the adjacent buildings and to establish the Borton Memorial Garden near the entrance to the museum. The first professional Director and Curator were hired in 1985, and the museum opened its doors on December 12, 1986 at its present location.[9] In 1989, the museum began publishing ‘’Legacy: The Journal of the Reno County Historical Society’’.

In 1996 and 1997, the museum redesigned its public space to include five exhibit galleries, two children's interactive areas, a research room, and the Houston Whiteside Conference Room, named for one of the society's benefactors.[10] In 1996, the museum developed the Celebrate History educational program for elementary school students, which annually hosts over 1200 students from the Reno County area.[11] In 1997, the Kansas Department of Transportation granted the museum's request to relocate the 1876 John Siegrist claim House to museum grounds, thus saving the structure from demolition. The Claim House opened to the public in September 1998.[12]

In 1998 and again in 2000, the RCHS received the prestigious General Operating Support grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services in Washington D.C.[13] In 1998 the RCHS began a long range planning process that resulted in the idea of creating a major exhibition about the salt industry in Reno County. That idea grew to become the Kansas Underground Salt Museum.[14]

Construction

Beginning in 1923, miners and visitors went underground in groups no larger than ten, as that was the maximum capacity of the one-and-only elevator. It was a dark, dank ride that often sprinkled salt on riders. The shaft never took up a load of salt while carrying miners. In fact, when the elevator transported people, salt production below had to stop. For this reason, the visionaries of the salt museum knew a project could not get underway without construction of a new shaft. In cooperation with Underground Vaults & Storage, the storage company located in the mine, the two entities agreed to share the cost of the shaft, making the Kansas Underground Salt Museum a viable reality. The shaft had to be drilled through one of the world's largest aquifers. The Ogallala Aquifer covers around 174,000 square miles (450,000 km2) in eight states and can be as deep as 1,000 feet (300 m). In this area, it is known as the Equus Beds and is about 130 feet (40 m) thick at the site of the museum.[15] For efficient construction without water seepage, the aquifer was frozen. That allowed miners to dig through the aquifer and encase the shaft in concrete. Shaft construction was handled by Thyssen Mining Company, a Canadian contractor. The project got underway March 8, 2004, and took just a day shy of one year to complete. Thyssen utilized the expertise of Moretrench American Corporation for the ground freezing. The process required the sinking of 24 separate pipes to a depth of 150 feet (46 m). A liquid nitrogen and salt brine solution pumped into the pipes brought the temperature down to freeze the aquifer.[16] Once the frozen condition was accomplished, excavation began using a crane and bucket methods. The mining cycle consisted of drilling in six-to eight-foot increments, loading the area with explosives, blasting, then “mucking out” (removing) the blasted material from the shaft. The miners would then advance 15 feet (4.6 m) and pour the shaft's concrete liner. This action was performed with every 15-foot (4.6 m) advancement. On December 22, 2004, the shaft sinking was completed. Finish work on the shaft continued until March 7, 2005. On June 4, 2013, the museum changed its name from Kansas Underground Salt Museum to Strataca.[17][18]

The Museum
Tram Ride in the Great Hall

It’s a 90-second trip to the Kansas Underground Salt Museum 650 feet (200 m) below the Kansas prairie. Visitors ride in a double-deck elevator that holds fifteen people on each level.[19]

Therefore, it also created an invaluable resource for Salt Museum curators. They scoured the 67 miles (108 km) of mined caverns at the Hutchinson Salt company. The artifacts they were able to collect have significantly contributed to the scope of the museum displays.

The train was used to transport salt, miners and supplies

The weather in Kansas may be erratic and unpredictable, but conditions underground are very predictable and constant. The mine naturally maintains a temperature of 68 degrees with a relative humidity of around 45%.[20] The mine chambers are very large, ranging in size from 2,500 to 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) with ceiling heights ranging from 11 to 17 feet (5.2 m). Since 1954, anyone going into the mine has been required to wear a hard hat and rescue breather.[21] In the history of Hutchinson's salt mine, no visitor or mine employee has ever needed to use the breather. The Mine Safety and Health Administration, which regularly inspects all aspects of the operation, considers the Hutchinson mine one of the safest in the world.

The material used for much of the museum flooring is very similar to concrete; but instead of sand, salt is used with the cement and water. Thus, it is known as Saltcrete. With the ready availability of the salt, it is definitely practical and cost effective for the museum. Saltcrete does leach – emitting a fine dust of salt – until it is cured, which takes approximately one year. It has limited applications because water makes Saltcrete blister and disintegrate.

Galleries & Exhibits

The Dark Ride

A tram tour, the Dark Ride, is an optional opportunity that takes visitors through a maze of chambers beyond the museum area to see various features of the mine environment – with a brief pause to experience the sensation of complete darkness. The tour also includes a stop at a salt pile for a souvenir – filling a sample bag with salt crystals.

Vehicle used in underground transportation

Mantrips are train-like vehicles. In this gallery, two of the mantrips used to transport miners to and from the mining area are featured. The rail system was used until the 1980s when miners started using vehicles modified for B100 bio-diesel. The vehicles used underground are usually scrap yard cars taken apart to fit on the hoist, then reconfigured underground to drive on bio-diesel, and with extra seats and rollbars added.

Visitors learn about all aspects of the modern-day mining process, as well as earlier procedures, through this three-part gallery. In the Undercut and drill area, the mine is set up for the first phase of a blast. An undercutter is used to cut a slot at the base of the rock, making it possible for the salt to drop. In this phase, a series of carefully sited holes are drilled into the salt wall. The next pillar of the Mining Gallery is the blast area, which illustrates how the room being mined is wired with explosives. On display is a powder car. It was formerly a drill, but was modified underground as a powder car and carried all the tools and materials needed to powder a room, including the explosives and wire. The third phase of the mining process featured is the Load Area. Miners used the Joy Loader on display from the 1940s until 1983 when the rail system was discontinued. Named for its manufacturer, the Joy Loader increased efficiency by eliminating the need to hand-load ore cars. This large piece of equipment, as so many others, was brought down the shaft in pieces and welded back together underground. Once a piece of equipment is underground, it remains. When equipment finally outlives its usefulness, it is usually abandoned in an area already mined. The shuttle featured in this gallery was also used from the 1940s until 1983 to take salt from the mine face to the loading station at the main rail line. Powered by a DC extension cord, the car reduced labor and increased efficiency because miners no longer had to lay rails to get the salt from the blast site to the main rail lines.

Vreeland Exhibit

Visitors learn the physical and geological characteristics of the salt bed in Kansas. With a focus on the Permian Period (the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era), the gallery illustrates the animals that lived during this time and why there are no fossil records in the salt bed.[22] Throughout the mine, water bubbles can be found trapped in some of the salt. These fluid inclusions are believed to have occurred during the Permian Period.[23]

The Fluid Inclusion Exhibit features what is claimed to be the world's oldest living organism, estimated to be about 250 million years old. The supposed discovery of living bacteria found trapped inside a salt crystal is the work of Drs. Russell Vreeland, William Rosenzweig, and Dennis Powers. They claimed that the cells from which those spores presumably formed were alive and active before the time of dinosaurs. (However, their findings date the crystal surrounding the bacteria, and DNA analysis suggests the bacteria themselves are likely to be less ancient.[24]) The three scientists were at the museum for the exhibit opening and collected salt samples from the Hutchinson mine for further research.[25]

Superman and Jack Frost costumes in the UV&S Exhibit

While the 26-acre facility is a secured site in another area of the Hutchinson Salt Company mine not open to the public, Underground Vaults & Storage (UV&S)[26] has replicated the look and set-up of its operation for the Kansas underground Salt Museum. The company is internationally known for its highly protective, secured storage capabilities, including being home to the original camera negative of many movies, like Gone with the Wind and Ben Hur, as well as television show masters. UV&S also stores medical records, oil and gas charts, and a host of other valuable documents and other materials from all 50 states and many foreign countries.[27]

Businesses prefer this storage because of the constant temperature and relative humidity, the high security level created by “shaft only” access, and the mine's safeguard from natural disasters like tornadoes, floods, hurricanes or earthquakes. Underground Vaults and Storage and the Kansas Underground Salt Museum have been loaned several artifacts and actual costumes from popular movies. The temporary exhibit includes such notable memorabilia as Batman and Mr. Freeze costumes from Batman & Robin, James Dean’s shirt from Giant, the Snowman from the 1998 film Jack Frost, and Agent Smith’s costume from The Matrix.

gollark: The US does not have completely free speech either.
gollark: It's not some sort of conspiracy-theoretic thing to say that the US has ridiculously broad surveillance, there was Snowden and everything else.
gollark: The ALLEGED goal.
gollark: The US also has massively broad effectively unregulated mass surveillance, which is highly bees.
gollark: There's interesting content about basically every topic you might like, people to talk to who are sometimes not terrible, and you can actually be taken seriously if you know some things.

See also

References
  1. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_3.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  2. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_1.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  3. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_3.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  4. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_1.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  5. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_3.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  6. Hutchinson News, “Society Going Ahead With Museum,” October 02, 1960, pg. 26.
  7. Cook, Cherie. “Reno County’s Museum.” Legacy: The Journal of the Reno County Historical Society, Fall 1989: volume 1, number 1, page 15.
  8. Haven Journal, “Reno County Historical Society To Have Headquarters In Haven: Museum Will Be Located In Township Hall,” August 31, 1967, sec. 5.
  9. Cook, Cherie. “Reno County’s Museum.” Legacy: The Journal of the Reno County Historical Society, Fall 1989: vol. 1, no 1, page 16.
  10. Smith, Jay. “Note from the Director.” Legacy: The Journal of the Reno County Historical Society, Fall 1997: vol. 9, no. 4
  11. Garwood, Pat. “From the Educator’s Desk.” Legacy: The Journal of the Reno County Historical Society, Fall 1996: vol. 8, no. 4
  12. “Passages.” Legacy: the Journal of the Reno County Historical Society, Summer 1998: vol. 10, no. 3
  13. ”IMLS – Grant Recipients.” Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). http://www.imls.gov/recipients/ (accessed December 21, 2010).
  14. Green, John. “Reno Co. Museum plans for expansion, long-range progress.” The Hutchinson News, February 12, 1998, pg. A10
  15. Macfarlane, P. A., G. Misgna, and R. W. Buddemeier. “Aquifers of the High Plains Region.” An Atlas of the Kansas High Plains Aquifer. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/HighPlians/atlas/ataqhpr.htm (accessed December 23, 2010).
  16. “Peripheral Freezing - Shafts, Large Circular Open Excavations, Tunnel Excavations.” Moretrench – Construction and Geotechnical Services. http://www.moretrench.com/ services_article.php?Peripheral-Freezing-16 (accessed December 23, 2010)
  17. Salt museum unveils new brand; The Hutchinson News; June 4, 2013.
  18. Reps hope new salt museum logo 'rocks'; The Hutchinson News; June 4, 2013.
  19. ”Kansas Underground Salt Museu | Easier.” Easier | finance, Travel, Technology, Cars, Property and Lifestyle News. N. p., 26 April 2007. Web. 28 December 2010. http://www.easier.com/56152-kansas-underground-salt-museum.html,
  20. Stokes, Keith. “Kansas Underground Salt Museum – Hutchinson, Kansas.” Kansas Travel, Tourism & Restaurants, Kansas Travel, n.d. Web. 28 December 2010.
  21. ”Reservations.” Kansas Underground Salt Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 December 2010. http://www.undergroundmuseum.org/reservations
  22. “The Permian.” UCMP – University of California Museum of Paleontology. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  23. “KGS Pub. Inf. Circ. 21 – Part 1 of 4.” Welcome to the Kansas Geological Survey. http://ww.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic21/pic21_1.html (accessed December 21, 2010).
  24. "The Permian Bacterium that Isn't". Oxford Journals. 2001-02-15. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  25. ”Exhibits.” Kansas Underground Salt Museum. N.P., n.d. Web. 28. 2010. http://www.undergroundmuseum.org
  26. Hutchinson Facility; Underground Vaults & Storage.
  27. Stokes, Keith. “Kansas Underground Salt Museum – Hutchinson, Kansas.” Kansas Travel, Tourism & Restaurants, Kansas Travel, n.d. Web. 28 December 2010.

Further reading
  • Salt: A World History by Mark Kurlansky
  • Images of America: The Carey Salt Mine by Barbara C. Ulrich
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