South Coast Rail

South Coast Rail is a project to build a new southern line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system along several abandoned and freight-only rail lines. The line has been planned to restore passenger rail service between Boston and the towns of Taunton, Berkley, Fall River, Freetown, and New Bedford, on the south coast of Massachusetts. It would restore passenger service to some of the southern lines of the former Old Colony Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (service along the southeastern lines was largely restored in 1997 and 2007).

South Coast Rail
Planned site for the new Fall River Depot
Overview
TypeCommuter rail line
SystemMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
StatusUnder construction
LocaleSoutheastern Massachusetts
TerminiBoston South Station
Battleship Cove (Fall River branch)
New Bedford (New Bedford branch)
Stations25 (10 new)
Services2
Daily ridership4,570 (estimated)[1]
Operation
Opened2023 (Phase 1)
2030 (Phase 2)[2]
ClosedPrevious New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad service ended on September 5, 1958
OwnerMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
CharacterElevated and surface level
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationPhase 2 only

After previous service was discontinued in 1958, the project surfaced in the 1980s. A full planning process was held starting in 1990 but was suspended in 2002 due to increasing costs.[3] Planning restarted in 2007 and in March 2017, the project was split into two phases. Phase 1 provides interim service to Fall River and New Bedford while the northern section of the line is built in Phase 2.[4] Several separately-funded projects were constructed between 2013 and 2019 in preparation for the project. Phase 1 construction began on July 2, 2019 with a projected cost of $1.047 billion and completion at the end of 2023.[5] Total cost of the program is estimated at $3.42 billion with completion in 2030.[6][7]

Project history
Route of the Fall River Railroad and the original Old Colony Railroad in 1846

Previous service

The lines planned for commuter rail service date largely from the 1840s and were later part of the Old Colony Railroad network. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the entire Old Colony system beginning in 1893, and ran commuter and intercity service to Fall River and New Bedford. In the early 20th century, trains took a shorter route through Easton. However, in the 1930s, trains were routed through Mansfield on the Boston & Providence mainline, further to the west. Service finally ended in 1958.[8]

Restoration planning
Geographic map of current plan, with service to both Fall River and New Bedford via Stoughton
Junction between proposed New Bedford (left) and Fall River branches in Myricks
Tracks at Forge Road in Assonet proposed for restoration on the Fall River branch

In the 1980s - during the first expansion of commuter service in Massachusetts in decades - the restoration of the lines to New Bedford and Fall River was proposed. Since the Mansfield Branch was permanently severed by a grade separation project in the 1950s, three possible routes to the South Coast were placed under consideration: an extension of the Stoughton Branch of the Providence/Stoughton Line past Stoughton, a route following the Providence Line to Attleboro and then branching onto the Attleboro Secondary, and a route following the Old Colony mainline to Middleborough then the Middleboro Secondary westwards. (All three routes used the same lines from Taunton south to Fall River and New Bedford). By 1988, the MBTA was tentatively planning to extend service to Taunton via Stoughton.[9]

The first serious study, completed in January 1990, concluded that the Stoughton Branch was the most viable route. The study was criticized for not considering other alternatives, including express buses.[10] In March 1991, newly elected governor William Weld asked the state legislature to authorize the sale of bonds to finance further studies.[11]

In the early 1990s, the Old Colony Lines Middleborough/Lakeville Line and Plymouth/Kingston Line, plus the delayed Greenbush Line) were chosen as Big Dig environmental mitigation instead of routes to Fall River and New Bedford; the first two routes opened in September 1997 and Greenbush in 2007.[12] The Old Colony mainline was rebuilt with restricted single-track sections through parts of Dorchester and Quincy, limiting the capacity required for reaching the South Coast via Middleborough - such that service could be operated to one of Fall River and New Bedford, but not both.[10]

However, planning for service to the South Coast continued. The March 1995 Expanded Feasibility Study analyzed routes absent from the 1990 report, concluding that both the Stoughton and Attleboro routes would be viable and that a partial Stoughton Branch extension to North Easton would be most cost-effective.[10] In September 1995, the MBTA filed an Environmental Notification Form with the EPA for service via the Attleboro route, with a curved 3-mile 'Attleboro Bypass' connecting the Northeast Corridor to the Attleboro Secondary just north of Attleboro proper. The then-$156 million project was to be completed in 2000.[13]

In August 1996, Weld signed a bill giving $136 million to commuter rail expansion, while the state legislature directed the MBTA to further study alternatives.[3] However, in 1997 the Expanded Alternatives Analysis showed vastly increased costs - $410 million via Attleboro, $426 million via Stoughton, or $312 million via Middleborough. The report recommended the Stoughton route as the most cost-effective due to its high ridership, despite the higher cost.[11][14]

A groundbreaking ceremony was held in October 1998, but since planning was not complete no real construction began. Based on an April 1999 analysis of South Station operations, the July 1999 Draft Environmental Impact Report concluded that the Stoughton route was the only viable route, with projected service of 20 trains per day to each of Fall River and New Bedford for an estimated total of 4,325 daily riders.[15][16] In January 2000, following then-governor Paul Cellucci's reapproval, the state reported that construction would begin in late 2002 and last until 2004.[11] The Draft Environmental Statement certificate was received in November 2000; the EPA confirmed that Stoughton was the only practical route but required a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS).[3] The FEIS was released in April 2002 and approved in August; however, in July 2002 the MBTA revised the project cost to $600 million with an opening date of 2007.[11][3]

Due to ballooning costs, Governor Romney's administration suspended the Growth Task Force and stopped project planning in November 2002; the environmental approval process was stopped in May 2003.[3]

Planning restart
Projected cost of South Coast Rail at the time of release of various planning documents and funding bills

In October 2004, the Southeastern Regional Planning and Economic Development District restarted the Growth Task Force, even while the MBTA was conducting its review of the project.[3] In March 2005, Romney allowed the project to proceed and allocated $670 million for the project, then projected to open between 2011 and 2013. In June 2005, the Chief of Commonwealth Development stated that the cost could be as high as $1 billion.[11]

In April 2007, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation released South Coast Rail: A Plan For Action, which restarted the planning process from the beginning. The plan estimated project costs at $1.435 billion (including $163 million for procuring additional rolling stock and $31.6 million for expanding South Station) with opening in December 2016.[17] A Strategic Environmental Permitting Plan was released in August 2007, followed by a Phase 1 Alternatives Analysis Report in April 2008 which narrowed 65 options (including unlikely modes like heavy rail metro and monorail) to five plausible alternatives including Attleboro, Stoughton, and Middleboro routes plus express bus service or a mixture of Attleboro and Middleboro service.[18][19] In May 2008, MassDOT issued a formal request to the US Army Corps of Engineers to allow discharge of fill materials into wetlands - effectively starting the formal environmental review process.[20] A federal Notice of Intent and state Environmental Notification Form were filed in November 2008.[3]

In a May 2009 interview, Commonwealth Treasurer Tim Cahill stated that "it is virtually going to be impossible" for the state to open the lines in 2016 as planned due to the recession, adding that federal funding was unlikely to be obtained because "[t]he federal government doesn't trust us anymore because of the Big Dig."[21] However, the state continued to publish studies, releasing the South Coast Rail Economic Development and Land Use Corridor Plan in June 2009 and the Phase 2 Alternatives Analysis Report (which indicated electric or diesel service through Stoughton as the best choice) in September 2009.[22][23]

On October 2, 2008, the state government announced an agreement with CSX Transportation for the purchase and upgrade of several of CSX's freight lines in the state. CSX agreed to sell its lines from Taunton to Fall River and New Bedford for use by the South Coast Rail project, as well as the Grand Junction Branch, the Framingham-to-Worcester section of the Worcester Line, and the South Boston Running Track. Other parts of the agreement included plans for double-stack freights west of Worcester and the abandonment of Beacon Park Yard.[24] The agreement was signed on September 23, 2009.[25] On June 11, 2010, the state and CSX completed the first phase of the agreement, including the transfer of the South Coast Rail lines to MassDOT.[26]

The Army Corps of Engineers released a Draft Environmental Impact Statement in March 2011.[27] Concurring with previous documents it recommended that South Coast Rail be routed through Stoughton, citing in particular the need to add a billion-dollar fourth track from Back Bay to Forest Hills to accommodate service through Attleboro. However, the DEIS differed from the previous reports by strongly recommending that service be electric, stating that the higher ridership (9,580 projected daily riders versus 8,140), decreased travel time due to the higher acceleration of electric locomotives and their 100 mph top speed versus 79 mph for diesels, and reduced pollution outweighed the increased cost of electrification.[27] The electric alternative was projected to cost $1.88 billion versus $1.48 billion for diesel service, with the increased cost from the overhead wire infrastructure as well as the cost of buying electric locomotives plus new coaches capable of 100 mph speeds.[27] (Current coaches are limited to 80 mph even on sections of the Northeast Corridor rated for 150 mph.[28])

Funding

In July 2013, after substantial discussion the Massachusetts Legislature overrode Governor Deval Patrick's veto and passed a major transportation funding bill providing an average of $600 million per year in additional funding. The bill mentioned South Coast Rail as deserving funding but did not specifically allocate monies to the project.[29][30] In September 2013, the Army Corps of Engineers released the Final Environmental Impact statement, with few changes from the Draft statement and cost revised slightly downwards to $1.817 billion.[20]

On November 13, 2013, the Massachusetts Joint Committee on Transportation approved a $12 billion spending authorization that includes $2.2 billion for South Coast Rail.[31] The spending bill, which also included $1.3 billion for the Green Line Extension and $300 million for South Station expansion, was then sent to the Massachusetts House and Senate for debate.[32] On April 18, 2014, a modified version of the bill was signed into law, allocating $2.3 billion for South Coast Rail, $1.33 billion for the Green Line Extension, and $325 million for South Station.[33]

On April 22, 2019, Massachusetts Department of Transportation Secretary Stephanie Pollack announced that funding and Army Corps of Engineers permits for the Phase 1 plan were in place and that the project will proceed "full speed ahead," with a late-2023 target date.[34] In July, 2019, the Baker-Polito Administration filled an $18 billion transportation bond bill that included $825 million for Phase 1 South Coast Rail.[35] The total cost of Phase 1 is $1.047 billion and will be paid entirely by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts through bonds under the Rail Enhancement Program.[36]

Project changes
The existing Middleborough/Lakeville station would be closed or reduced to shuttle service under the revised plan released in 2017.

In June 2016, the MBTA announced that the project cost had been revised to $3.42 billion, with completion not expected until 2030. The substantial delay and increase in cost caused officials to consider alternate plans, including an earlier, interim service to New Bedford via Middleborough with 7 round trip trains to New Bedford and 6 round trip trains to Fall River on weekdays.[6][37] However, that plan would decrease service to Middleborough/​Lakeville.[38] In March 2017, the state announced a revised plan intended to provide service sooner for a total cost of $3.42 billion. The $1.1 billion Phase 1 would follow the Middleborough route and open in 2024; Phase 2 would follow the original route through Stoughton (including electrification) and open in 2029.[4]

By June 2017, the planned completion dates were changed to Phase 1 in 2022 and Phase 2 in 2030, with stations at Freetown and Battleship Cove in Phase 1 rather than Phase 2 as proposed in March.[39] The revised plan has attracted criticism from several directions, including some of those who had previously advocated for the project as well as previous opponents.[2] Middleborough and Lakeville officials were critical of the possibility of abandoning the current Middleborough/Lakeville station - which has attracted transit-oriented development - or requiring its riders to take a shuttle train, as well as possible traffic issues from a downtown Middleborough station. The New Bedford mayor was critical of the longer travel times of the Middleborough routing, and the Taunton mayor was critical of Phase 1 lacking the downtown Taunton station of the previous plan. Stoughton, Easton, and Raynham officials continued their previous opposition to South Coast Rail.[2]

Construction

Early work

Several elements of the project were constructed prior to the main construction phases. In February 2010, MassDOT received a $20 million TIGER grant to replace three bridges in New Bedford built around 1907, for immediate freight use and future South Coast Rail service.[40] The grant represented part of the $71.4 million the state had applied for to fund the Fast Track New Bedford project, which would have included a fourth bridge, construction of New Bedford station with bus and ferry facilities, and pedestrian and bicycle access improvements.[41] The MBTA opened bidding in July 2010 and issued a Notice To Proceed in October 2010; the replacement bridges opened for Massachusetts Coastal Railroad freights in November 2011.[42]

In mid-November 2013, MassDOT replaced 42,000 ties along 33 miles of the Fall River and New Bedford branches, funded as a freight improvement project that also serves as a prerequisite for South Coast Rail.[43] A $18.4 million project was issued on October 22, 2014 and reconstructed six grade crossings in Taunton, Freetown, and New Bedford. [44] The Dean Street (US-44) crossing in Taunton was replaced in August 2015 with work projected to last until late 2016.[45][46] On November 25, 2014, a $42 million contract was awarded for the replacement of three bridges (President Avenue, Brownell Avenue, and Golf Club Road) in Fall River plus the Wamsutta Street bridge in New Bedford. The bridges were completed in early 2017.[47]

Phase 1

On June 18, 2014, the MassDOT board awarded a $12 million one-year contract (with to $210 million possible over 10 years) to a joint venture between Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. and HNTB Corp. for "program management, early design development, and environmental permitting".[48] While MassDOT managed the early action culverts and bridges contracts, oversight of the program was transferred to the MBTA in preparation for the start of Phase 1 construction in 2019.[49] To provide additional technical assistance, the MBTA also awarded a $62 million contract to AECOM for program and construction management.[50] A groundbreaking ceremony was held on July 2, 2019.[49]

Phase 1 was divided into eight major construction contracts.[51] Contract #1 for 57 turnouts was awarded to Progress Rail Services on December 14, 2018.[50] Completion of the $9.8 million contract is scheduled for February 2021.[51] Contract #2 includes the reconstruction of 46 culverts, cleaning 16 additional culverts and removal of one more, reconstruction of one grade crossing, and construction of six wetland impact mitigation areas.[52] The $18.3 million contract was awarded to J.F. White on March 6, 2019, with completion expected in June 2020.[50][51][53] Contract #3 includes replacement of four railroad bridges and one culvert, plus 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of track replacement.[54] The $26.1 million contract was awarded to J.F. White, with completion planned for November 2020.[53]

On May 11, 2020, a $159 million contract (#7) was awarded to Skanska DW White JV for the Fall River Secondary portion of phase 1. The work includes construction of Freetown station and Fall River station, 12.1 miles (19.5 km) of track work, rehabilitation of 10 grade crossings and 8 bridges, installation of signal and communication systems, and construction of Weaver's Cove layover yard in northern Fall River. Construction is estimated to take 30 months.[55][56]

The main construction contract (#6) for the New Bedford branch includes 24.1 miles (38.8 km) of track work on the Middleboro Secondary and New Bedford Secondary, four stations (Middleborough, East Taunton, Church Street, and New Bedford), the Wamsutta layover yard in New Bedford, seven bridges, and associated infrastructure. Bidding for the $412 million contract ends on June 25, 2020; construction is planned to last 39 months.[53] Contract #5 ($27 million) will reconstruct a bridge carrying Route 24 over the rail line in Taunton.[53] Contract #10 ($8.7 million) will construct a footbridge over Route 18 at New Bedford station.[53] Contract #12 ($7.8 million) is for traffic mitigation during construction.[53]

As of May 2020, Phase 1 is expected to begin revenue service in November 2023.[53]

Phase 2

Phase 2 work includes reconstructing track from the existing Stoughton station to Cotley Junction to meet the Phase 1 work.[57] Four stations will be constructed along this alignment: North Easton, Easton Village, Raynham Place, and Taunton along with reconstruction of Stoughton Station.[57] The Fall River branch will also be extended to a new terminus at Battleship Cove, and the entire line will be electrified (including the Phase 1 section). The design for the Northern Corridor is being advanced to 30%, which includes several bridges over the Taunton River.[50]

Several town government officials along the planned Phase II route have expressed concerns about the plans.[2] In 2009, Stoughton officials indicated that they would seek for a tunnel to be built through the downtown area - as was done in Hingham on the Greenbush Line - with Stoughton station moved underground.[58] The Easton town government opposes the construction of Phase II, claiming visual and environmental impacts.[59] In 2014, Raynham officials expressed interest in lowering tracks under Route 138 to prevent traffic impacts.[60]

Between Easton and Raynham, the proposed route passes along an embankment that is currently used for off-road vehicles through the Hockomock Swamp.[61] Due to the sensitive environmental area, an 8,500ft elevated trestle is proposed at a cost of $50 million to allow animals to pass under the tracks and limit the disturbance to the existing ground.[62] The trestle would use concrete box girders on piles spaced at 50ft, with a maintenance siding in the middle for rescue operations on disabled trains.[62]

Route diagrams
Phase 1 (2023) Phase 2 (2030)
0.0 mi
0 km
 South Station
Northeast Corridor
Fairmount Line
Track 61
2.3 mi
3.7 km
 JFK/UMass
7.9 mi
12.7 km
 Quincy Center
Greenbush Line
10.9 mi
17.5 km
 Braintree
Kingston/Plymouth Line
15.0 mi
24.1 km
 Holbrook/​Randolph
18.6 mi
29.9 km
 Montello
20.0 mi
32.2 km
 Brockton
21.9 mi
35.2 km
 Campello
27.7 mi
44.6 km
 Bridgewater
34.5 mi
55.5 km
 Middleborough
Middleborough/Lakeville Line
Middleboro Yard
Middleboro Secondary
Dean Street Industrial Track
Attleboro Secondary
42.8 mi
68.9 km
 East Taunton
New Bedford Branch
57.4 mi
92.4 km
 Church Street
60.0 mi
96.6 km
 New Bedford
Fall River Branch
51.2 mi
82.4 km
 Freetown
56.6 mi
91.1 km
 Fall River
Fall River Subdivision
0.0 mi
0 km
 South Station
Fairmount, Greenbush,
and Old Colony Lines
1.2 mi
1.9 km
 Back Bay
Framingham/Worcester Line
2.2 mi
3.5 km
 Ruggles
5.0 mi
8 km
Forest Hills
Needham Line
8.4 mi
13.5 km
 Hyde Park
Fairmount Line
9.5 mi
15.3 km
Readville
Franklin Line
11.4 mi
18.3 km
Route 128
14.8 mi
23.8 km
 Canton Junction
Northeast Corridor and
Providence Line
15.6 mi
25.1 km
 Canton Center
18.9 mi
30.4 km
 Stoughton
21.4 mi
34.4 km
 North Easton
22.7 mi
36.5 km
 Easton Village
29.1 mi
46.8 km
 Raynham Place
34.3 mi
55.2 km
 Taunton
Attleboro Secondary
Middleboro Secondary
37.5 mi
60.4 km
 East Taunton
New Bedford Branch
51.9 mi
83.5 km
 Church Street
54.7 mi
88 km
 New Bedford
Fall River Branch
45.7 mi
73.5 km
 Freetown
51.1 mi
82.2 km
 Fall River
52.1 mi
83.8 km
 Battleship Cove
Fall River Subdivision
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References
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  55. "South Coast Rail Main Line Construction Contract Approved" (Press release). Massachusetts Department of Transportation. May 11, 2020.
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  58. Hall, Candace (August 10, 2009). "Train tunnel could burrow into Stoughton". The Enterprise. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  59. Whitehead, Donna (February 28, 2018). "Easton opposes bringing South Coast Rail through town". MetroWest Daily News.
  60. Shepard, Cody (December 7, 2014). "South Coast Rail Project Moving Along". The Enterprise.
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