Solanum elaeagnifolium

Solanum elaeagnifolium, the silverleaf nightshade[1] or silver-leaved nightshade, is a common plant, and sometimes weed of western North America and also found in South America. Other common names include prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle or silver nightshade. In South Africa it is known as silver-leaf bitter-apple or satansbos ("Satan's bush" in Afrikaans). More ambiguous names include "bull-nettle", "horsenettle" and the Spanish "trompillo".[2] The plant is also endemic to the Middle East.[3]

Solanum elaeagnifolium
Plant with flowers, unripe berries (green with stripes, center), and previous year's berries (orange, upper left)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species:
S. elaeagnifolium
Binomial name
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Synonyms

See text

Solanum elaeagnifolium was described by A. J. Cavanilles. The plant described under the same name by W. Herbert and C. L. Willdenow based on E.G. von Steudel is Solanum aethiopicum.

Description and ecology

It is a perennial 10 cm[4] to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles,[5] ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others. Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.[6]

Closeup of S. elaeagnifolium flower
Closeup of S. elaeagnifolium berries

The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle (S. carolinense), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves. The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center. The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.[6]

Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile.[7] It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America[8] or the reverse.[7] It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.[9] It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants.[10] However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.

The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.[8]

Toxicity

Ingestion of silverleaf nightshade has been implicated as a cause of ivermectin toxicosis in horses given the recommended dosage of the drug. Metabolites from the plant are speculated to disrupt the blood-brain barrier, allowing ivermectin to enter and disrupt neurotransmitter function in the brain and spinal cord.[11]

Synonyms
Flowering branch of S. elaeagnifolium

This plant has been described under a range of names, all now invalid. These contain many homonyms among them:[12]

  • Solanum dealbatum Lindl.
  • Solanum flavidum Torr.
  • Solanum incanum Pav. ex Dunal (non L.: preoccupied)
S. incanum of Ruiz & Pavón Jiménez is S. albidum as described by Dunal.
S. incanum of Kitaibel based on Kanitz is S. villosum as described by Philip Miller
S. incanum of Scheff. is S. schefferi.
S. incanum var. lichtensteinii and var. subexarmatum are S. lichtensteinii.
  • Solanum leprosum Ortega
  • Solanum obtusifolium Dunal (non Willd.: preoccupied)
S. obtusifolium of Hartweg based on Otto Sendtner in von Martius is S. ferrugineum.
S. obtusifolium of Willdenow is S. aethiopicum.
  • Solanum pyriforme var. uniflorum Dunal
  • Solanum roemerianum Scheele
  • Solanum saponaceum Hook. (non Dunal: preoccupied)
S. saponaceum of Welwitsch is S. aculeastrum.
S. saponaceum var. uruguense is S. bonariense.
  • Solanum texense Engelm. & A.Gray
  • Solanum uniflorum Meyen ex Nees (non Dunal: preoccupied)
S. uniflorum of de Conceição Vellozo is S. pseudocapsicum.
S. uniflorum of Sessé & Mociño and S. uniflorum of Dunal in Poiret have been identified as Lycianthes mociniana.
S. uniflorum of Lagasca y Segura and Solanum uniflorum var. berterianum are undetermined species of Lycianthes.

Several varieties and forms of S. elaeagnifolium have been named. They are not usually considered taxonomically distinct:[12]

  • Solanum elaeagnifolium f. albiflorum Cockerell
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium var. angustifolium Kuntze
Not to be confused with S. angustifolium of Philip Miller
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium var. argyrocroton Griseb.
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium f. benkei Standl.
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium var. grandiflorum Griseb.
Not to be confused with S. grandiflorum of Ruiz and Pavón Jiménez
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium var. leprosum (Ortega) Dunal
  • Solanum elaeagnifolium var. obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal

S. elaeagnifolium var. ovalifolium does not refer to the S. ovalifolium as described by Dunal and does not belong to the present species; it is actually S. aridum. Meanwhile, S. crispum var. elaeagnifolium is just the normal S. crispum of Ruiz and Pavón Jiménez.[12]

gollark: Why is it that bad?
gollark: <@237328509234708481> Thoughts?
gollark: (though since lua loves its strings-as-byte-arrays that wouldn't be great)
gollark: I mean, you could allow use of arrays of bytes (well, tables) if it's that awful.
gollark: Well, it's a useful feature, adding an option doesn't seem *too* awful since lua is stupid and has no dedicated byte buffer type, and wait I only have two things to say.

References
  1. "Solanum elaeagnifolium". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  2. Cronquist et al. (1984), USDA (2006)
  3. Mohammed al-Oudat and Manzoor Qadir, The Halophytic Flora of Syria, Aleppo 2011, p. 31
  4. Niehaus et al. (1984)
  5. "Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav". Native Plant Database. The University of Texas at Austin. June 25, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  6. Cronquist et al. (1984)
  7. USDA (2006)
  8. WSNWCB (2008)
  9. Nugent (2005), WSNWCB (2008)
  10. CDFA [2008]
  11. Swor, TM; Whittenburg, JL; Chaffin, MK (2009). "Ivermectin toxicosis in three adult horses". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 235 (5): 558–62. doi:10.2460/javma.235.5.558. PMID 19719447.
  12. Solanaceae Source [2008]

Footnotes
  • California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) [2008]: Encycloweedia – Solanum part 2. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
  • Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L. & Holmgren, Patricia K. (1984): Intermountain Flora; Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. (Vol. 4. Subclass Asteridae except Asteraceae). The New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 0-89327-248-5
  • Niehaus, Theodore F.; Ripper, Charles L. & Savage, Virginia (1984): A Field Guide to Southwestern and Texas Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-395-36640-2
  • Nugent, Martin (ed.) (2005): Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan. PDF fulltext
  • Solanaceae Source [2008]: Solanum elaeagnifolium. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2006): Germplasm Resources Information Network - Solanum elaeagnifolium. Version of 2006-JAN-14. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
  • Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (WSNWCB) (2008): Silverleaf Nightshade. Version of 2008-JUL-09. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
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