Sir Charles Henry, 1st Baronet

Sir Charles Solomon Henry, 1st Baronet (28 January 1860 – 27 December 1919) was an Australian merchant and businessman who lived mostly in Britain and sat as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons from 1906 until his death.

Charles Solomon Henry

Family and education

Henry was born in Australia[1] the son of J S Henry of Adelaide, South Australia. He was educated at St Marylebone and All Souls Grammar School in connection with King's College and at the University of Göttingen. On 3 March 1892,[2] he married Julia Lewisohn of New York City,[3] the daughter of Leonard Lewisohn (1847-1902) a wealthy American mining magnate.[4] They had one son, Cyril, who held a commission in the Worcestershire Regiment (Special Reserve) and who was killed at the battle of Loos in September 1915.[5]

Religion

Henry was Jewish. He participated in Jewish welfare societies and other associations. In 1911, he laid the foundation stone of a synagogue at Southend.[6] He also took a leading role in the financing and organisation of the Soup Kitchen for the Jewish Poor.[7] In 1919 he was a prominent member of the organisation dedicated to the creation of a Jewish War Memorial to take the form of a fund of one million pounds for the endowment of Jewish religious education and the possible erection of a college for Jewish learning at Oxford or Cambridge.[8]

Career

In 1882, Henry established the firm of C S Henry & Co. of London, metal merchants and copper importers[9] of which he became managing director.[10] The undertaking was converted into a Limited Liability Company in 1902.[3] The venture was clearly a great success as by 1915 he was being described as a millionaire,[11] and Frank Owen a biographer of David Lloyd George, wrote of Henry that he was a self-made man who had made a fortune in South Africa.[12]

During the First World War he undertook a number of missions for the government accomplishing important work in the United States of America and Sweden. At his own expense he equipped a private home for wounded soldiers in Berkshire and promoted the welfare of British troops in other ways.[5] Henry also had interests in journalism. He was to become one of the proprietors of the Westminster Gazette and later founded the newspaper the Jewish Guardian. Many prominent Jews opposed the establishment of a Jewish state, fearing this would lead to their co-religionists losing the citizenship of those countries where they and their forebears had long lived and prospered.[13]

Politics

Chelmsford

At the general election of 1900, Henry was selected to fight the Chelmsford Division of Essex for the Liberal Party. At the time he was associated with the Liberal Imperialists,[14] a centrist faction within the Liberal Party in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. The Liberal Imperialists were in favour of a more positive attitude towards the development of the British Empire and Imperialism, ending the primacy of the party's commitment to Irish Home Rule. In domestic affairs they advocated the concept of 'national efficiency'.[15] However Chelmsford was a safe Unionist seat, the previous member having been returned unopposed in 1895 and Henry's opponent was elected with a majority of 3,129 votes.[16]

Shropshire MP

By 1905 it had become known that Sir A H Brown, the Liberal Unionist MP for the Wellington Division of Shropshire wished to stand down at the next election.[17] Henry was selected to stand in the constituency at the 1906 general election.[18] His opponent, Hildebrand Harmsworth, had the benefit of the public support of Liberal Unionist leader, Joseph Chamberlain,[19] but Henry secured the support of David Lloyd George to speak in Wellington on his behalf.[20] Henry won the seat with a majority of 1,692 votes.[21] Henry held his seat in a straight fight against the Unionists in January 1910 with a slightly reduced majority of 1,189 votes;[10] and again in December 1910 this time by a majority of 1,118.[22] The constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election and Henry switched his candidacy to the newly created seat of The Wrekin when he was returned unopposed as a supporter of the Coalition government.[23]

Henry and Lloyd George

Both Henry's personal and political lives were intertwined with that of David Lloyd George. When Lloyd George formed his coalition government with the Conservatives in December 1916, Henry was one of those Liberals who stayed on the government side[24] and he was generally identified as a strong supporter of the new prime minister.[25] But there was more than just political affinity between Henry and Lloyd George. Henry and his wife had been close to Lloyd George since at least the time of the death of his daughter Mair in 1907. Henry hosted a trip to Germany for Lloyd George in 1908[4] to allow Lloyd George, then recently appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer, to study the invalidity insurance and contributory old age pensions which had been introduced there by Otto von Bismarck twenty-five years before.[26] They also travelled together abroad socially to Nice and Monte Carlo[27] and other European destinations.[28][29] The American Lady Henry had pretensions to be one of London's great political hostesses and Lloyd George often attended her functions in London and at their home at Henley-on-Thames, sometimes taking his son Richard with him.[30] Lloyd George also attended Henry family occasions at Henry's London home at Carlton Gardens.[31] It is not known for certain if Lloyd George and Julia Henry had an affair, although one of Lloyd George's biographers states that they did, adding that it was not serious on Lloyd George's part.[32] However they certainly flirted together and corresponded privately with each other. Richard Lloyd George apparently thought his father could be in love with the “dark, tall and very attractive Lady J.” [33] and that they were having an affair.[30] Even King Edward VII was concerned that there had been a lot of gossip about Lady Julia and Lloyd George and this may have delayed her husband's getting his knighthood.[34] Frances Stevenson certainly believed that Lloyd George had not only been close to Lady Henry but that Lady Henry herself was clearly in love with him, describing her as 'quite mad' about him.[11] After Frances Stevenson started working for Lloyd George in 1911 and he began to become attracted to her, Lloyd George determined to stop any dalliance with Julia Henry. She was distressed by what she saw as a public snub and fled back to America, writing to her husband that she never wanted to be alone with Lloyd George again. It seems unlikely that Henry himself was aware of anything going on from Lloyd George's side. If anything he seems to have thought it was all in his wife's mind and believed she was exaggerating their relationship. It is also clear that Lady Henry's hurt feelings had a lot to do with the damage Lloyd George's rejection could do to her reputation as a political hostess.[35] Some reconciliation was affected in 1915 when Lloyd George visited the Henrys to show sympathy on the loss of their son in battle even though he was reluctant to do so because of the awkwardness arising from his previous relationship with Lady Henry and the strength of Julia Henry's feelings for him.[11] Lloyd George also visited Henry when he was ill and dying in 1919, despite Lady Henry's making a scene and her trying to use his visits to her advantage with other members of the social set.[36] However the final breach with Lady Julia came the year after Henry's death in recriminations over Lloyd George's alleged misuse of £20,000 donated by American friends of the Henrys for British war charities.[37]

Political orientation

Henry appears to have stayed on the right of the Liberal Party throughout his political career. He was a member of the Council of the British Empire League.[38] On one of the main policy questions of the day, he was opposed to the idea of votes for women being a member of the National League for Opposing Women's Suffrage.[39] When the Bill making women eligible for election to Parliament was going through the House of Commons in 1918, Henry moved an amendment to ensure they should not be able to stand for Parliament until they had reached the age of 30 years, the same age as voting eligibility.[40] He also favoured conscription, campaigning for it before its formal introduction during the war, being a signatory to the National Service Manifesto published in August 1915.[41]

Honours and appointments

In the New Years Honours list for 1911, Henry became a baronet with the creation of the Henry Baronetcy, of Parkwood in the County of Berkshire.[42][43] He also served as a Justice of the Peace for Berkshire.[44] During the War, Henry was appointed to a number of important committees as he was identified as a loyal and sound occupant of the Coalition Liberal benches. He was a member of Lord Balfour of Burleigh's committee on After-War Trade, which was charged with looking at the possible introduction of the metric system to replace Britain's existing coinage, weights and measures.[45] He also sat on the Committee on Commercial and Industrial Policy, chaired by Lord Balfour of Burleigh.[46] In July 1917, Henry was appointed to sit on the House of Commons Select Committee on Finance, chaired by Herbert Samuel.[47] In 1918, Henry was chosen by the Minister of Munitions to chair a committee of inquiry into the staffing and conditions at the headquarters of the Ministry of Munitions and to suggest economies or improvements.[48] Henry was also sometime president of the British Section of the Inter-Allied Parliamentary Committee.[49]

Death

Henry died, aged fifty-nine, at his London home, 5 Carlton Gardens, SW1, on 27 December 1919. He had been ill for several months.[5] His son having predeceased him, he had no heir and the Parkwood baronetcy became extinct. After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes[50] were buried at Willesden Jewish Cemetery on 31 December 1919.[51]

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References
  1. John Grigg, Lloyd George:The People’s Champion, 1902–1911; Penguin Books, 2002 p128
  2. New York Times March 3, 1892, p. 4
  3. Who was Who, OUP 2007
  4. Cameron Hazlehurst and Christine Woodland (eds.), A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J A Pease, 1908–1910; Historians Press, 1994 p237
  5. The Times, 29 December 1919 p5
  6. The Times, 11 August 1911 p2
  7. The Times, 18 October 1913 p4
  8. The Times, 10 June 1919 p21
  9. Bentley Brinkerhoff Gilbert, David Lloyd George, a political life–Volume I, The Architect of Change; B T Batsford, 1987 p322
  10. The Times House of Commons, 1910; Politico's Publishing, 2004 p77
  11. A J P Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: A Diary by Frances Stevenson; Hutchinson, 1971 p74
  12. Frank Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, his Life and Times; Hutchinson, 1954 p134
  13. Frank Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, his Life and Times; Hutchinson, 1954 p427
  14. The Times, 29 September 1900 p10
  15. Iain Sharpe, Entry on Liberal Imperialists in Dictionary of Liberal Thought, Politico's, 2007 pp. 214–216.
  16. The Times, 9 October 1900 p8
  17. The Times, 18 January 1905 p4
  18. The Times, 5 December 1905 p9
  19. The Times, 26 January 1906 p3
  20. Frank Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, his Life and Times; Hutchinson, 1954 p146
  21. The Times, 26 January 1906 p10
  22. The Times House of Commons, 1911; Politico's Publishing, 2004 p85
  23. The Times House of Commons, 1919; Politico's Publishing, 2004 p60
  24. The Times, 13 December 1916 p11
  25. Trevor Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party,1914–1935; Cornell University Press, 1966 pp86, 104 & 114
  26. Rowland, Peter (1975). "The People's David, 1905-1910". Lloyd George. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd. p. 206. ISBN 0214200493.
  27. Don Cregier, Bounder from Wales: Lloyd George’s Career before the First World War; University of Missouri Press, 1976 p142
  28. The Times, 25 February 1913 p9
  29. The Times, 3 January 1914 p7
  30. Ffion Hague, The Pain and the Privilege: The Women in Lloyd George’s Life; 1919; Harper Press, 2008 p229
  31. The Times, 16 July 1914 p11
  32. John Grigg, Lloyd George War Leader 1916–1918; Penguin Books, 2002 p79
  33. Richard Lloyd George, Lloyd George; Frederick Muller Ltd, 1960 pp107-108
  34. Cameron Hazlehurst and Christine Woodland (eds.), A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J A Pease, 1908–1910; Historians Press, 1994 p102
  35. Ffion Hague, The Pain and the Privilege: The Women in Lloyd George’s Life; 1919; Harper Press, 2008 p230-231
  36. Ffion Hague, The Pain and the Privilege: The Women in Lloyd George’s Life; 1919; Harper Press, 2008 p232
  37. Cameron Hazlehurst and Christine Woodland (eds.), A Liberal Chronicle: Journals and Papers of J A Pease, 1908–1910; Historians Press, 1994 p238
  38. The Times, 28 November 1912 p8
  39. The Times, 21 January 1913 p6
  40. The Times, 6 November 1918 p8
  41. The Times, 17 August 1915 p7
  42. The Times, 2 January 1911 p10
  43. "No. 28509". The London Gazette. 30 June 1911. p. 4833.
  44. The Times, 11 April 1914 p5
  45. The Times, 1 May 1917 p7
  46. The Times, 26 May 1917 p7
  47. The Times, 26 July 1917 p6
  48. The Times, 24 April 1918 p3
  49. The Times, 21 October 1918 p5
  50. "Death of Sir C.S. Henry, Bart., M.P. for Wrekin Division (main story), The Funeral (sub story)". Shrewsbury Chronicle. 2 January 1920. p. 3.
  51. The Times, 30 December 1919 p13
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Sir Alexander Brown, 1st Baronet		 Member of Parliament for Wellington or Mid Division of Shropshire
1906–1918		 Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of Parliament for The Wrekin
1918–1919		 Succeeded by
Charles Palmer
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