Shimazu Yoshihiro

Shimazu Yoshihiro (島津 義弘, August 21, 1535 – August 30, 1619) was the second son of Shimazu Takahisa and the younger brother of Shimazu Yoshihisa. Traditionally believed to be the seventeenth head of the Shimazu clan, he was a skilled general during the Sengoku period who greatly contributed to the unification of Kyūshū.

In this Japanese name, the family name is Shimazu.
Shimazu Yoshihiro
Shimazu Yoshihiro
Native name
島津 義弘
Nickname(s)Shimazu Demon (Oni-Shimazu)
BornAugust 21, 1535
Izaku Castle
DiedAugust 30, 1619
Allegiance Shimazu clan
Toyotomi clan
Western Army
RankDaimyo
Unit Shimazu clan
Commands heldIino Castle
Battles/warsBattle of Kizaki (1572)
Battle of Mimigawa (1578)
Kyūshū campaign (1587)
Korean Campaign (1592-1598)
Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
RelationsShimazu Takahisa (father)
Shimazu Yoshihisa (brother)
Shimazu Toshihisa (brother)
Shimazu Iehisa (brother)

Early life

He is said to have been born in Izaku Castle in 1535.[1] He was the castle lord in command of Iino Castle.[2]

Ukiyo-e of Shimazu Yoshihiro

He defeated the Itō clan at the Battle of Kizaki, in 1572, and defeated the Otomo clan with his brothers in the 1578 at Battle of Mimigawa.[3] In 1587, facing Toyotomi Hideyoshi's troops that sought to pacify Kyūshū, Yoshihiro pressed for war even after his brother and the head of clan Yoshihisa surrendered. After Yoshihisa repeatedly asked for the surrender, Yoshihiro finally accepted. After Yoshihisa became a Buddhist monk, it was believed that he became the head of the clan, though the real power remained in Yoshihisa's hands.

Service under Hideyoshi

He had been a willing and skillful general under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In both 1592 and 1597 of the Seven-Year War, Yoshihiro set his foot on the Korean peninsula and successfully carried out a series of battles. In 1597, working together with Tōdō Takatora, Katō Yoshiaki and Konishi Yukinaga, Yoshihiro defeated Won Kyun's navy. At the Battle of Sacheon (泗川) in 1598, facing a Ming army counting 37,000, Yoshihiro defeated them with only 7,000 soldiers. Shimazu troops under Yoshihiro were called "Oni-Shimazu" ("Shimazu demons" or "Shimazu ogres)" by the Ming soldiers. On the final battle of the war in 1598, the Battle of Noryang, Yoshihiro's objective was to cross the Noryang Strait, link up with Konishi and retreat to Japan. The Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin who had obstructed Yoshiaki died in this battle. Afterward, Yoshihiro rescued the Japanese commanders and returned to Japan.

Sekigahara Campaign

After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in 1598, the land became split between Toyotomi supporters backing Ishida Mitsunari and those that supported Tokugawa Ieyasu, eventually culminating in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. According to novels (Rakusuishū 『落穂集』) of the Edo Period, Yoshihiro was initially supposed to take Ieyasu's side. He was crushed by Torii Mototada's army upon his arrival for a rescue during the siege of Fushimi Castle and, after being humiliated, took the side of Ishida Mitsunari instead. However, recent research indicated that Yoshihiro had chosen to side with Mitsunari from the very start, before Mōri Terumoto announced the declaration of war against the Tokugawa in July 1600. Yoshihiro also played an important role as a member of Mitsunari's core staff and was pivotal in persuading Uesugi Kagekatsu to ally with them.

According to the scripts of Yoshihiro's subordinate Kando Kutarō, Yoshihiro got along with Mitsunari from the start, but their relationship was distorted by the novelists of the Edo Period. It was said that Mitsunari did not listen to any of Yoshihiro's plans, including a surprise night attack on the day before the actual battle of Sekigihara. On the day of the battle, Yoshihiro and his 1500 men held ground and did not fight at all. After the rest of Mitsunari's side was wiped out, Yoshihiro was stranded among at least 30,000 of Ieyasu's troops. Vastly outnumbered, Yoshihiro tried to make a charge against Ieyasu himself but after his nephew Shimazu Toyohisa demanded that he not kill himself over a meaningless battle, Yoshihiro instead chose to charge straight through Ieyasu's troop to make an exit to the other side.

Yoshihiro had his troops make a fighting retreat called Sutegamari (捨て奸), where until a certain number of men died holding a position and repelling an attack, the main body of the army fought as well. Though Toyohisa and the bulk of the troops died, the charge and retreat were a success with a fatal wound dealt to Ii Naomasa in the process. After beating back the chase, he picked up his wife at Sumiyoshi in Settsu Province and returned to Satsuma Province by ships. The Japanese historian Shiramine Jun studied why the Shimazu clan behaved torpidly and deduced it was because Yoshihiro had become involved in the power struggling between his brother Yoshihisa and Ijūin Tadamune. It led Yoshihiro losing the support of Yoshihisa, which trapped Yoshihiro due to the lack of support from the Shimazu clan.

Death
Statue of Yoshihiro at Ijūin Station

In 1602, after recognizing why and how Yoshihiro behaved on the battlefield, Ieyasu had the Shimazu clan retain its domain and let Yoshihiro's son Shimazu Tadatsune succeed him. Yoshihiro retired to Sakurajima and took up teaching younger generations. He died in 1619 and several of his retainers who had fought alongside him followed him by committing suicide.

Family

It had traditionally been believed that he became the seventeenth head of the Shimazu clan after Yoshihisa, but it is currently believed that he let Yoshihisa keep his position. Yoshihiro was essential to the Shimazu clan and both Ieyasu and Hideyoshi tried to divide the clan by treating Yoshihiro well, but treating the elder brother Yoshihisa badly, which did not succeed. He was a devoted Buddhist, and built a monument for enemy troops during the Seven-Year War.

See People of the Sengoku period in popular culture § Shimazu Yoshihiro

He is a playable character in Pokémon Conquest (Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition in Japan), with his partner Pokémon being Gurdurr and Conkeldurr.[4]

He is also a playable character in Total War: Shogun 2.

He is a playable character in the Samurai Warriors series of video games.

Further reading
  • Shimazu Yoshihiro : 徳永真一郎 『島津義弘』（光文社光文社文庫・1992） ISBN 4334716296 later （学陽書房 人物文庫 2010年）ISBN 9784313752641
  • Shimazu Yoshihiro : 加野厚志 『島津義弘』（PHP研究所/PHP文庫 1996） ISBN 456956965X
  • Shimazu Hashiru : 池宮彰一郎 『島津奔る』上下巻（新潮社 2001） Vol1. ISBN 4101408165, Vol2 ISBN 4101408173
  • Shimazu Yoshihiro : 江宮隆之 『島津義弘』（学研M文庫、2004 ）ISBN 4059011622
  • Sengokuishin Shimazutoeden : 荒川佳夫 『戦国維新 島津東征伝』全3巻（学研歴史群像新書、2004〜2006） Vol.1 ISBN 4054026761, Vol.2 ISBN 4054028640 Vol.3 ISBN 4054030572
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References
  1. "国史跡　伊作城" (in Japanese). 南さつま観光. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  2. "国史跡　飯野城" (in Japanese). 攻城団. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  3. Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. p. 221,272-275. ISBN 1854095234.
  4. "Yoshihiro + Gurdurr - Pokemon Conquest characters". Pokemon. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
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