Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock

There are many types of trains in Seoul but they are usually similar to each other. Typically, train cars have four doors on each side. In between the doors are rows of either cushioned or non-cushioned seats for 7 people, except for the outer ends of each wagon where there are smaller rows of seats for 3 people, marked for the use by the elderly, disabled passengers, and pregnant women.

Interior of Korail Class 311000 for Seoul Subway

This list focuses primarily on trains that run on the 9 urban subway lines in Seoul, the wide-area commuter rail lines integrated into the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, and the AREX airport railroad. The list does not, however, include rolling stock used on the Incheon Subway and light metro systems such as the U Line or EverLine.

Features

Emergency procedures

How to open the doors in a Seoul Subway train.

Each train has at least one fire extinguisher and options for opening the door in an emergency. A SOS phone is placed in most cars operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, and all new rolling stock.

Help for English Speakers

LED display in a Seoul Subway train, showing Korean. Next the display would switch to an English version.

All trains in Seoul have both English and Korean announcements regarding each train stop. In addition, a map displays their names in both Korean and English characters. Many trains also have a LED display above a door or in the middle of the train car that displays information in Korean and English, though many side signs have been removed from trains due to their reduced visibility with the advent of platform screen doors. Some of the newest trains feature LCD screens above the doors or the middle of the train that display short commercials and station information.

Fleet

Seoul Metro/(former) SMRT & Korail

All trains are 19.6 meters in length, 3.12 meters in width, and 3.8 meters in height. Newer trains operated by Seoul Metro are usually given the same number as the trains they are intended to replace.

All trains on Lines 5-8 are equipped with an ATO (Automatic Train Operation) systems. However, there is always a driver on board in case of a failure in the ATO system.

Active (built until 2000)

Series	Operator	Year Built and Builder	Photo	Numbers & Total Ordered	Control	Assigned Services	Yard Assignment	Notes
Seoul Metro 1000-series (first generation, newer cars)	Seoul Metro	1989/1999/2004 (rebuilt 1999 & 2002) Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hyundai Rotem		1-11~1-16 (6 trains, 60 cars)	Rheostat		Gunja	Created from newer cars used to extend first generation 1000-series trains to ten cars. Trains 111~114 were originally numbered as trains 113/114~119/120. Train 1-11 used four powered cars built in 1999 when it was train 113/114. The last three cars of the train were written off following an accident in 2002, so three new cars were built in 2004, and the train returned to service as train 1-11. Limited to local service between Yangju and Incheon/Seodongtan due to lower maximum speeds.
Wide-width car (second batch)		1989–1993 Daewoo Heavy Industries		Line 2: 2-78~2-92 Line 3: 3-34~3-35, 3-45~3-48 (21 trains, 210 cars)	Chopper		Line 2: Gunja Line 3: Suseo	GEC propulsion systems. Line 2 trains 2-85~2-92 and all Line 3 trains originally ran on Line 4 as trains 455/456~481/482. Line 2 trains 2-78~2-84 originally ran on Line 3 as trains 381/382~393/394. Line 3 trains originally ran on Line 4 as trains 471/472~481/482. Six cars in trains 2-78~2-84 and two cars in train 3-48 were manufactured in 1991 by Hanjin Heavy Industries. Line 2 trains retired.
		1990–1993 (rebuilt 2010) Daewoo Heavy Industries		3-16~3-20, 3-41~3-44 (9 trains, 90 cars)			Jichuk & Suseo	GEC propulsion systems. Created from newer cars (built from 1990 to 1993) that were used to extend first generation wide-width trains 10 cars.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (first generation, newer cars)		1991–1992 (rebuilt 2007–2008) Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		2-32~2-39 (8 trains, 80 cars)			Sinjeong	Created from newer cars (built from 1991 to 1993) that were used to extend first generation 2000-series trains to 10 cars. Trains 2-37~2-39 use cars built in 1991 while trains 2-32~2-35 use cars built in 1992. Six cars in train 2-36 were built in 1992, while the remaining four were built in 1991. MELCO propulsion systems. Train 2-39 was involved in an accident in Sangwangsimni Station. Four cars were retired and replaced with four salvaged cars from train 2-12 (the other train involved in the accident) to form a new train 2-39. The train was retired in June 2016.[1][2] Currently being retired.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (first generation, newer cars, rheostat)		1990, 1993 (rebuilt 2005) Hanjin Heavy Industries		2-45~2-48, 2-56 (5 trains, 28 cars)	Rheostat		Sinjeong (2-45~2-48) Gunja (2-56)	Created from newer cars (built in 1990 and 1993) that were used to extend first generation trains 2-01~2-05 and 2-09 to 6 or 10 cars. Trains 2-45~2-48 are 6 cars long and run on the Sinjeong Branch shuttle service. Train 2-45 uses unpowered cars (built in 1990) salvaged from first generation train 2-09 in 2005. Trains 2-46~2-48 use unpowered cars (built in 1993) salvaged from first generation trains 2-61~2-75 in 2008. They originally used unpowered cars (built in 1986) salvaged from first generation trains 2-01, 2-04, and 2-05. Train 2-56 is 4 cars long and runs on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (second generation)		1993–1994 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		2-14, 2-93~2-95 (4 trains, 40 cars)	Chopper		Sinjeong & Gunja	Train 2-14 (ex 2-53) was built in 1993 and uses MELCO propulsion systems. Trains 2-93~2-95 were built in 1994 and use GEC propulsion systems. Train 2-94 was retired after an accident in August 2019.
Seoul Metro 4000-series		1993–1994 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation (1st batch), Daewoo Heavy Industries (2nd batch)		4-01~4-26, 4-51~4-71 (47 trains, 470 cars)	VVVF inverter (GTO)		Chang-dong	Trains 4-01~4-26 use DC pantographs and operate between Danggogae and Sadang only, while trains 4-51~4-71 use AC pantographs and can operate on the full length of Line 4. Trains 4-01~4-09 & 4-51~4-63 are first batch trains built in 1993, while trains 4-10~4-26 & 4-64~4-71 are second batch trains built in 1994. Trains 4-51, 4-66, 4-70, and 4-71 were retrofitted with IGBT systems. Trains 4-16, 4-65[3], and 4-69[4] are out of service due to structural integrity issues.
Korail Class 341000 (first generation)	Korail	1993, 1996 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		341-01~341-25 (25 trains, 250 cars)			Ansan & Siheung	Formerly numbered 2-30~2-46, 2-49, 2-51~2-54, and 2-70~2-72. Some trains were retrofitted with IGBT systems. Train 341-04 utilizes all non-driving cars from Class 311000 train 311-01, and several trains utilize some non-driving cars from Class 311000 train 311-02.
Korail Class 351000 (first generation)		1993, 1996, 1999 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation		351-01~351-22 (22 trains, 132 cars)		Bundang	Bundang	Formerly numbered 2-47~2-48, 2-50, 2-55~2-69, and 2-73~2-76. Some trains were retrofitted with IGBT systems.
Seoul Metro 5000-series (first generation)	Seoul Metro	1994-1997 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation		5-01~5-76 (76 trains, 608 cars)	VVVF inverter (GTO)		Banghwa & Godeok	Trains 5-02 was retrofitted with IGBT systems.
Seoul Metro 7000/8000-series (first generation)		1995-1996 Daewoo Heavy Industries		Line 7: 7-01~7-17 Line 8: 8-01~8-15 (32 trains, 226 cars)			Line 7: Dobong Line 8: Moran
Korail 3000-series	Korail	1995–1997 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation		3-71~3-86 (16 trains, 160 cars)			Jichuk	All trains are operated by Korail but managed by Seoul Metro's Jichuk depot.
Korail Class 311000 (first generation)		1996–1998 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation		311-01~311-41 (41 trains, 405 cars)			Guro & Imun	Formerly numbered 5-01~5-42. Train 5-19 was damaged in an accident. Eight cars in the train were converted to two Class 319000 trains, while the other two were scrapped. Trains 311-39 and 311-41 utilize three (in total) unpowered Korail Class 341000 cars. Some trains were retrofitted with IGBT systems.
Seoul Metro 1000-series (second generation)	Seoul Metro	1998–1999, 2002 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation (1st batch), Rotem (2nd batch)		1-01~1-10 (10 trains, 92 cars)			Gunja	Trains 1-01~1-06 are first batch trains built between 1998 & 1999, while trains 1-07~1-10 are second batch trains built in 2002. Trains 1-05~1-06 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 1000-series trains 101/102 & 103/104 Trains 1-09~1-10 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 1000-series trains 121/122 & 123/124. Limited to local service between Yangju and Incheon/Seodongtan due to lower maximum speeds.
Korail Class 341000 (second generation)	Korail	1999 KOROS		341-26~341-30 (5 trains, 50 cars)			Ansan & Siheung	Formerly numbered 2-77~2-81. Train 341-26 was retrofitted with IGBT systems.
Seoul Metro 6000-series	Seoul Metro	1999-2000 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, KOROS		6-01~6-41 (41 trains, 328 cars)	VVVF inverter (IGBT)		Line 6: Sinnae Line 7: Dobong	Trains 6-40~6-41 are repainted and assigned to Line 7.
Seoul Metro 7000/8000-series (second generation)		1999-2000 Hanjin Heavy Industries, KOROS		Line 7: 7-18~7-63 Line 8: 8-16~8-20 (originally 76 trains, 608 cars)			Line 7: Dobong & Cheonwang Line 8: Moran	Train 7-63 was formed from former Line 8 trains (train 8-21 and two non-driving cars from train 8-22). Three other cars (one driving car & two non-driving cars) from train 8-22 replaced three damaged cars from train 7-52, which suffered significant fire damage and lost three cars. The remaining driving car from train 8-22 was re-purposed into a mockup for the SR-series.

Active (built after 2000)

All trains use VVVF inverter-based propulsion systems. Older trains generally use GTO systems, while newer trains generally use IGBT systems.

Series	Operator	Year Built and Builder	Photo	Numbers & Total Ordered	Assigned Services	Yard Assignment	Notes
Korail Class 311000 (second generation)	Korail	2002–2004 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Rotem		311-42~311-65 (24 trains, 240 cars)		Guro & Byeongjeom	Formerly numbered 5-43~5-66.
Korail Class 351000 (second generation)				351-23~351-28 (6 trains, 36 cars)	Bundang	Bundang	Formerly numbered 2-82~2-87.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (third generation, first batch)	Seoul Metro	2005 Hyundai Rotem		2-01~2-05, 2-57 (6 trains, 54 cars)		Sinjeong & Gunja	Train 2-57 is 4 cars long and runs on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service.
Korail Class 311000 (third generation, first batch)	Korail	2005–2006 Rotem		311-66~311-82 (17 trains, 170 cars)		Guro, Byeongjeom, Imun	Formerly numbered 5-67~5-92. Trains 5-79~5-80 were converted to Class 319000 trains. Trains 5-86~5-92 were converted to Class 321000 trains.
Korail Class 319000		2006/1997 Hyundai Rotem (rebuilder)		319-01~319-07 (7 trains, 28 cars)		Guro	Trains 319-01~319-05 were formed from former Class 311000 trains 5-79~5-80, while trains 319-06-319-07 were formed from Class 311000 train 5-19. Yeongdeungpo-Gwangmyeong shuttle service only.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (third generation, second batch)	Seoul Metro	2007–2008 Hyundai Rotem		2-15~2-31, 2-58~2-72 (32 trains, 298 cars)		Sinjeong & Gunja	Trains 2-58~2-60 operate on the Seongsu branch shuttle service. Trains 2-23~2-31, 2-71, and 2-72 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 2000-series trains. These cars are expected to be replaced in the 2020s.
Korail Class 321000	Korail	2006, 2008–2009 Rotem, Hyundai Rotem		321-01~321-21 (21 trains, 168 cars)	Gyeongui–​Jungang	Yongmun	Trains 321-01~321-18 were formed from former Class 311000 trains 5-86~5-92 & former Class 6000 trains 6-01~6-07.
Korail Class 331000 (first generation)		2009 Hyundai Rotem		331-01~331-13 (13 trains, 104 cars)	Gyeongui–​Jungang	Munsan
Seoul Metro 3000-series (second generation)	Seoul Metro	2009–2010 Hyundai Rotem		3-01~3-33, 3-36~3-40, 3-49 (39 trains, 390 cars)		Jichuk & Suseo
Korail Class 361000	Korail	2010 Hyundai Rotem		361-01~361-14 (14 trains, 112 cars)	Gyeongchun	Pyeongnae	The original train 361-14 was converted to Class 311000 train 311-90. The current 361-14 was formerly train 361-15.
Seoul Metro SR-series	Seoul Metro	2010-2012 Dawonsys		7-64~7-70 (SR001-SR007) (7 trains, 56 cars)		Cheonwang
Korail Class 351000 (third generation, first batch)	Korail	2011–2014 Hyundai Rotem		351-29~351-43, 351-61~351-72 (27 trains, 162 cars)	Bundang   Suin	Bundang & Siheung
Korail Class 331000 (second generation)				331-14~331-27 (14 trains, 66 cars)	Gyeongui–​Jungang	Munsan	Trains 331-14~331-22 are 4 cars long and are used on the Seoul Station branch (Munsan to Seoul Station) and the Munsan-Imjingang shuttle.
Korail Class 311000 (third generation, second batch)				311-83~311-90, 311-92~311-94 (11 trains, 102 cars)		Guro	Eight cars in trains 311-90 are former Class 361000 trains 361-14, built in 2010. Two 311000 third gen cars are connected to that train to form a working unit
Korail Class 311000 (third generation, third batch)		2016–2017 Hyundai Rotem		311-95~312-03 (9 trains, 90 cars)			Class 381000 are used on the Seoul Station branch (Munsan to Seoul Station) and the Munsan-Imjingang shuttle. They originally ran on the Busan Metro Donghae Line.
Korail Class 371000				371-01~371-12 (12 trains, 48 cars)	Gyeonggang	Bubal
Korail Class 381000 (first generation)				381-01~381-04 (4 trains, 16 cars)	Gyeongui–​Jungang  Korail  Donghae  (from Busan)	Bubal
Korail Class 351000 (third generation, second batch)				351-73~351-78 (6 trains, 36 cars)	Bundang   Suin	Bundang & Siheung
Korail Class 391000				391-01~391-07 (7 trains, 28 cars)	Seohae	Siheung
Seoul Metro 2000-series (fourth generation)	Seoul Metro	2017-2018 Dawonsys		2-06~2-13, 2-39~2-42 2-85~2-92 (21 trains, 210 cars)		Sinjeong & Gunja
Seoul Metro 5000-series (second generation)		2017-2018 Hyundai Rotem		5-77~5-80 (4 trains, 32 cars)		Godeok
Korail 341000-series (third generation)	Korail	2019- Hyundai Rotem		341-31~341-37 (7+ trains, 70+ cars)	(temporary)	Siheung	Currently being delivered. Class 341000 trains are temporarily assigned to Line 1. Class 319000 trains will be relegated to a shuttle service between Soyosan and Yeoncheon.
Korail 311000-series (fourth generation)				312-04-312-07 (4+ trains, 40+ cars)		Guro
Korail 319000-series (second generation)				319-08~319-10 (3 trains, 18 cars)	(future)	Imun
Seoul Metro 2000-series (fifth generation)	Seoul Metro	2019- Hyundai Rotem		2-14, 2-32~2-38, 2-56, 2-73~2-84, 2-93 (expected) (22 trains, 214 cars)		Sinjeong & Gunja	Currently being delivered. Train 2-56 will be 4 cars long and run on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service.
Seoul Metro 4000-series (second generation)				4-81~4-85 (expected) (5 trains, 50 cars)	(future)	TBD
Seoul Metro 7000-series (fourth generation)		2020 Dawonsys		7-71~7-72 (2 trains, 16 cars)		TBD	Currently being delivered.

Retired

Model & series number	Operator	Year built and builder	Photo	Original numbers & total ordered	Assigned services	Year(s) retired	Notes
Seoul Metro 1000-series (first generation)	Seoul Metro Corporation	1974, 1977–1978 Hitachi		101/102-119/120 (10 trains)		1998–1999	Rheostat controls. All trains were reorganized and lengthened to 10-car trains by newer cars built in 1989. All trains received two unpowered cars each. Trains 115/116~119/120 and 129/130~131/132 received eight powered cars each, and train 113/114 received two powered cars. The newer cars were rebuilt & re-organized as current trains 1-11~1-16 or used as unpowered cars in second generation 1000-series trains 1-05~1-06 and 1-09~1-10. Several trains temporarily ran on Line 2 when the line first opened due to a shortage of cars for the line.
		1977–1978 Daewoo Heavy Industries		121/122-131/132 (16 trains)		2002
Korail Class 1000 (first generation)	Korail	1974, 1976–1981, 1985-1986 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation		1-01~1-41 (41 trains)		1999–2004 (original cars) 2006 (un-overhauled newer cars) 2012–2014 (overhauled newer cars)	Rheostat controls. The trailer cars of trains 1-29~1-35 were rebuilt into trains 1-88~1-94 and were retired in 2006. Train 1-02 was involved in an accident in 1984. One driving car and one powered car were scrapped. The other driving car was transferred to train 1-14 after that train was involved in a separate accident. Two formerly surplus driving cars built in 1979 and a new powered car built in 1986 were utilized to replace the scrapped and transferred cars. Many cars were refurbished and connected to second generation Korail Class 1000 trains. Trains 1-39~1-41 received second generation Korail Class 1000 cars built in 1989 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were linked in second generation trains or utilized as unpowered cars in Korail Class 311000 trains 311-39~311-41.
Seoul Metro 2000-series (first generation)	Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro	1980–1983, 1986 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		2-01~2-39 2-61~2-75 (see notes) (54 trains)		2005, 2007–2008	Controls & manufacturing years are as following: 2-01~2-14: rheostat controls, 1980–1982 2-15~2-39: chopper controls from MELCO, 1983 2-61~2-75: chopper controls from GEC, 1983-1984 Trains 2-01~2-38 were built as four-car trains, and trains 2-39 and 2-61~2-75 were built as six-car trains. Most trains received newer cars as following: Trains 2-01~2-08 and 2-15~2-38 received two unpowered cars built in 1986 to become six-car trains and train 2-09 received two cars built in 1990 to become a six-car train. Select 1986-built cars and all 1990-built cars were rebuilt and utilized as unpowered cars in current trains 2-45~2-48, but the retained 1986-built cars have since been replaced. Trains 2-28~2-38 received another four cars built in 1991 to become 10-car trains, and trains 2-15~2-27 & 2-39 received another four car cars built in 1992 to become 10-car trains. All 1991 and 1992-built cars, except for two cars in train 2-38, were rebuilt and either re-organized as current trains 2-32~2-39 or used as unpowered cars in third generation 2000-series trains 2-23~2-31. Trains 2-61~2-75 were reorganized and received newer cars built in 1991 and 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were rebuilt and either re-organized as current trains 2-73~2-77 (retired 2020) or used as unpowered cars in current trains 2-46~2-48 & third generation 2000-series trains 2-71~2-72. Trains 2-01~2-05 received another four cars built in 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were rebuilt and re-organized as current trains 2-45~2-48 and 2-56. Trains 2-06~2-09 were renumbered to trains 2-45~2-48 and trains 2-12~2-14 were renumbered to trains 2-58~2-60 in 2005 when trains 2-45~2-53 took their former numbers.
		1989–1990 Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		2-40~2-52 (13 trains, 130 cars)		2018–2019	All cars used chopper controls from MELCO. Original built as six-car trains; all trains received four cars built in 1991 to become 10-car trains. Trains 2-45~2-52 were renumbered to 2-06~2-13. Train 2-12 was wrecked in an accident in Sangwangsimni Station with train 2-39. Four cars were salvaged to form a new train 2-39 (since retired).[1]
Wide-width car (first batch)	Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro	1984–1985 Daewoo Heavy Industries		Line 3: 331/332-379/380 Line 4: 401/402~453/454 (52 trains)		2009–2010	Chopper controls from GEC. Line 4 trains 401/402~429/430 and 447/448~453/454 were reorganized and renumbered to Line 3 trains 3-01~3-15 and 3-41~3-44. All Line 3 trains and Line 4 trains 431/432~445/446 were reorganized and renumbered to the first iteration of Line 2 trains 2-76~2-77 and Line 3 trains 3-16~3-40. The driving cars of the Line 4 trains were converted to unpowered cars to extend some of the other trains to ten cars. There were no trains with numbers ending from 01 to 30 initially due to numbering conflicts at the time. Many trains received newer cars built between 1990 and 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were either scrapped or rebuilt & further reorganized into current trains 3-16~3-20 and 3-41~3-44.
Korail Class 1000 (second generation)	Korail	1986–1992 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		1-42~1-72 (32 trains, 216 cars)		2006 (un-overhauled cars) 2012–2017 (overhauled cars)	Rheostat controls. Trains 1-53, 1-57, 1-63, and 1-65 were not overhauled and were retired in 2006. Trains 1-42~1-43 had their unpowered cars rebuilt as driving cars 1082, 1182, and 1087. Train 1-87 was retired in 2001 and train 1-82 was retired in 2006.
Korail Class 1000 (third generation)		1994–1997 Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries		1-74~1-81, 1-83~1-86 (11 trains, 110 cars)		2015–2020	Rheostat controls.

Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation (Metro 9)

Seoul Metro (Line 9 Corporation) 9000-series

• First batch (2008) – trains 01~19, 22~24 (6 cars), 20~21 (4 cars each)
  • Newer cars for extending trains 01-16 built in 2018.
• Second batch (2011) – trains 25~36 (6 cars each)
  • Newer cars for extending trains 29-36 built in 2017.
• Third batch (2016) – trains 37-45 (6 cars each)
• Fourth batch (2019)[5]

• 
  9000-series EMU for Line 9

NeoTrans Co. Ltd.

Shinbundang Line D000-series (Hyundai Rotem):

• First batch (2010-2011): D01~D12
• Second batch (2014-2015): D13~D20

These trains are controlled by ATO; they are controlled by a computer system on board the train.[6][7]

• 
  D000 series VVVF inverter controlled EMU

Korail Airport Railroad Co., Ltd.

• AREX 1000 series
  • VVVF inverter controlled electric car
• AREX 2000 series
  • VVVF inverter controlled electric car

• 
  AREX 1000 series
• 
  AREX 2000 series

See also

• Korail
• Seoul Metropolitan Subway
• Seoul Metro
• Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation
• Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation

References

1. 4963 M (28 July 2015). "서울메트로 2호선 239편성 외선순환 열차 건대입구역 출발 (ソウルメトロ2号線旧2000系2039F編成電車)" – via YouTube.
2. "교량구간의 교통블로그 : 네이버 블로그". blog.naver.com.
3. https://m.blog.naver.com/CommentList.nhn?blogId=aprokdlp&logNo=221815817323
4. https://gall.dcinside.com/mgallery/board/view/?id=monorail&no=7039
5. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/12/281_259832.html
6. "EMUs". Hyundai Rotem. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
7. "Railway System". Hyundai Rotem. Retrieved 2014-07-29.