Scrying

Scrying, also known by various names such as "seeing" or "peeping", is the practice of looking into a suitable medium in the hope of detecting significant messages or visions. The objective might be personal guidance, prophecy, revelation, or inspiration, but down the ages, scrying in various forms also has been a prominent means of divination or fortune-telling.[1] It remains popular in occult circles, discussed in many media, both modern and centuries old.

"Scry" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Scrye.
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The Crystal Ball by John William Waterhouse (1902, oil on canvas)

Definitions and terminology

There is no definitive distinction between scrying and other aids to clairvoyance, augury, or divination, but roughly speaking, scrying depends on fancied impressions of visions in the medium of choice. Ideally in this respect it differs from augury, which relies on interpretations of objectively observable objects or events (such as flight of birds); from divination, which depends on standardized processes or rituals; from oneiromancy, which depends on the interpretation of dreams; from the physiological effects of psychoactive drugs; and from clairvoyance, which notionally does not depend on objective sensory stimuli. Clairvoyance in other words, is regarded as amounting in essence to extrasensory perception.

Scrying is neither a single, clearly defined, nor formal discipline and there is no uniformity in the procedures, which repeatedly and independently have been reinvented or elaborated in many ages and regions.[2][3] Furthermore, practitioners and authors coin terminology so arbitrarily, and often artificially, that no one system of nomenclature can be taken as authoritative and definitive. Commonly terms in use are Latinisations or Hellenisations of descriptions of the media or activities. Examples of names coined for crystal gazing include 'crystallomancy', 'spheromancy', and 'catoptromancy'. As an example of the looseness of such terms, catoptromancy should refer more specifically to scrying by use of mirrors or other reflective objects rather than by crystal gazing. Other names that have been coined for the use of various scrying media include anthracomancy for glowing coals, turifumy for scrying into smoke, and hydromancy for scrying into water. There is no clear limit to the coining and application of such terms and media.[4]

Scrying has been practised in many cultures in the belief that it can reveal the past, present, or future.[5][6] Some practitioners assert that visions that come when one stares into the media are from the subconscious or imagination, while others say that they come from gods, spirits, devils, or the psychic mind, depending on the culture and practice. There is neither any systematic body of empirical support for any such views in general however, nor for their respective rival merits; individual preferences in such matters are arbitrary at best.[5]

Media

The media most commonly used in scrying are reflective, refractive, translucent, or luminescent surfaces or objects such as crystals, stones, or glass in various shapes such as crystal balls, mirrors, reflective black surfaces such as obsidian, water surfaces, fire, or smoke, but there is no special limitation on the preferences or prejudices of the scryer; some may stare into pitch dark, clear sky, clouds, shadows, or light patterns against walls, ceilings, or pond beds. Some prefer glowing coals or shimmering mirages. Some simply close their eyes, notionally staring at the insides of their own eyelids, and speak of "eyelid scrying".

Scrying media generally either suggest images directly (such as figures in fire, fluid eddies or clouds), or else they distort or reflect the observers' vision confusingly, in the manner to be seen in crystals or transparent balls. Such fancies have long been satirised by sceptics, for example in Hamlet III.ii:

Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel?
By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.
Methinks it is like a weasel.
It is backed like a weasel.
Or like a whale?
Very like a whale.

Alternatively the medium might reduce visual stimuli to thresholds below which any clear impressions could interfere with fancied visions or free association. Examples include darkened reflections of night sky, or plain shadow or darkness.[7]

Methods
Modern-day scrying experience

One class of methods of scrying involves a self-induced trance, with or without the aid of a medium such as a crystal ball or, even via modern technology such as a smartphone among other things. Some say that the sensation is drug-like, some that various drugs can potentiate the experience; others categorically exclude any connection with drug usage, claiming that it invalidates any images observed.

Many practitioners say that the scrying medium initially serves to focus attention, removing unwanted thoughts from the mind in much the same way as repetition of a mantra, concentration on a mandala, inducing the relaxation response, or possibly by hypnosis. Once this stage is achieved, the scryer may begin free association with the perceived images. The technique of deliberately looking for and declaring these initial images aloud, however trivial or irrelevant they may seem to the conscious mind, attempts to deepen the trance state. In this state some scryers hear their own disassociated voices affirming what they see, in a mental feedback loop.

Practitioners apply the process until they achieve a satisfactory state of perception in which rich visual images and dramatic stories seem to be projected within the medium itself, or in the mind's eye of the scryer. They claim that the technique allows them to see relevant events or images within the chosen medium.

Nostradamus practised scrying; he would stare into a bowl of water or a "magic mirror" to see the future while he was in trance.[6]

Religion and mythology
See also: Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture

Hebrew Bible

Divination is briefly mentioned in chapter 44 of the Book of Genesis. A silver chalice or cup is deliberately planted in Benjamin's sack when he leaves Egypt, later to be used as evidence of theft. It is revealed the cup belongs to Joseph, the vizier of Egypt, whose steward claimed was used for drinking and divination during the course of his accusation. This is mentioned to reinforce his disguise as an Egyptian nobleman.

Ancient Persia
Main article: Cup of Jamshid

The Shahnameh, a 10th-century epic work narrating historical and mythological past of Persia, gives a description of what was called the Cup of Jamshid (Jaam-e Jam), which was used by the ancient (mythological) Persian kings for observing all of the seven layers of the universe. The cup was said to contain an elixir of immortality, but without cogent explanation for any relevance of the elixir to the scrying function.

Latter Day Saint movement
Main articles: Seer stone (Latter Day Saints) and Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)

In the late 1820s, Joseph Smith founded the Latter Day Saint movement based in part on what was said to be information obtained miraculously from the reflections of seer stones. Smith had at least three separate stones, including his favorite, a brown stone he found during excavation of a neighbor's well. He initially used these stones in various treasure-digging quests in the early 1820s, placing the stone inside the crown of his hat and putting his face in the hat to read what he believed were the miraculous reflections from the stone.[8] Smith also said that he had access to a separate set of spectacles composed of seer stones, which he called the Urim and Thummim. He said that, through these stones, he could translate the golden plates that are the stated source of the Book of Mormon.[9]

In folklore
Divination rituals such as the one depicted on this early 20th-century Halloween greeting card, where a woman stares into a mirror in a darkened room to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband while a witch lurks in the shadows, may be one origin of the Bloody Mary legend.
This Halloween greeting card from 1904 satirizes divination: the young woman hoping to see her future husband sees the reflection of a nearby portrait instead.

Rituals that involve many acts similar to scrying in ceremonial magic are retained in the form of folklore and superstition. A formerly widespread tradition held that young women gazing into a mirror in a darkened room (often on Halloween) could catch a glimpse of their future husband's face in the mirror — or a skull personifying Death if their fate was to die before they married.

Another form of the tale, involving the same actions of gazing into a mirror in a darkened room, is used as a supernatural dare in the tale of "Bloody Mary". Here, the motive is usually to test the adolescent gazers' mettle against a malevolent witch or ghost, in a ritual designed to allow the scryers' easy escape if the visions summoned prove too frightening.[10]

While, as with any sort of folklore, the details may vary, this particular tale (Bloody Mary) encouraged young women to walk up a flight of stairs backwards, holding a candle and a hand mirror, in a darkened house. As they gazed into the mirror, they were supposed to be able to catch a view of their future husband's face. There was, however, a chance that they would see the skull-face of the Grim Reaper instead; this meant that they were destined to die before they married.

Folklore superstitions such as those just mentioned, are not to be distinguished clearly from traditional tales, within which the reality of such media are taken for granted. In the fairytale of Snow White for example, the jealous queen consults a magic mirror, which she asks "Magic mirror on the wall / Who is the fairest of them all?", to which the mirror always replies "You, my queen, are fairest of all." But when Snow White reaches the age of seven, she becomes as beautiful as the day, and when the queen asks her mirror, it responds: "Queen, you are full fair, 'tis true, but Snow White is fairer than you."[11] There is no uniformity among believers, in how seriously they prefer to take such tales and superstitions.

Scientific reception

Scrying is not supported by science as a method of predicting the future or obtaining information unavailable to empirical investigation.[12] Some critics consider it to be a pseudoscience.[5][13] Skeptics consider scrying to be the result of delusion or wishful thinking.[14]

Psychologist Leonard Zusne suggested that scrying images are hallucinations or hypnagogic experiences.[15]

A 2010 paper in the journal Perception[16] identified one specific method of reliably reproducing a scrying illusion in a mirror and hypothesized that it "might be caused by low level fluctuations in the stability of edges, shading and outlines affecting the perceived definition of the face, which gets over-interpreted as ‘someone else’ by the face recognition system."[17]

Modern-day traditions and fictions
  • The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1888-c.1902 in its original form) taught their own version of scrying or scrying that could be done individually or as a group. It emphasized three levels: 1) "Scrying in the Spirit Vision" with an emphasis on inner seeing by focusing on a symbol or mirror, 2) "Traveling in the Spirit Vision" involves going to the place seen and interacting with what is found there, 3) "Rising in the Planes" focuses on a spiritual process (involving scrying via the Tree of Life) that has the potential to elevate consciousness to the level of the Divine.[18]
  • The Dr. John Dee Theater of the Mind research institute, founded by parapsychologist Raymond Moody, uses crystallomancy as a medium in which he claims to enable clients to see apparitions of the dead.
  • The British astrologer and psychic known as Mystic Meg, who came to national attention as part of the UK's National Lottery draw in 1994, was often portrayed with a crystal ball.
  • Traditional healers from the Yucatán Peninsula and Guatemala use stone crystal balls for scrying. These are known as sastun or zaztun. Originally, they were Mayan antiquities that they used to collect in archaeological ruins.[19] Nowadays they are mostly modern objects. It is unknown what was the original use of the jade balls found in ancient Mayan burials.
  • Contemporary mass media, such as films, often depict scrying using a crystal ball, stereotypically used by an old gypsy woman.
  • In The Wizard of Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West, played by Margaret Hamilton, uses a crystal ball.
  • In J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth (especially in The Lord of the Rings), a palantír is a stone that allows a viewer to see what any other palantír sees, and the Mirror of Galadriel is used as a scrying device to see visions of the past, present, or future.
  • In George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, there exist a paltry number of obsidian "candles", referred to by academics and mystics as "Black Candles". These glass candles give off an unpleasantly bright light that does strange things to colors. It is claimed that when the glass candles burn the sorcerers can see across mountains, seas and deserts, give men visions and dreams and communicate with one another half a world apart. These candles have not burned for over a century, but have started burning again with the reemergence of magic in the world.
  • In Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle, the use of a mirror to view people and places the viewer knew in the present was possible with the drawback of not being able to see anything to which they had no knowledge. The attempt to scry the future would cost the user their life.
  • In the YA series The Raven Cycle, there are many psychic characters (the main example being Adam Parrish) who scry in various ways, such as through looking into a bowl of liquid, a candle, or even car headlights.
  • In the video game Clive Barker's Undying, Patrick Galloway (the player character) is shown in possession of a green crystal, The Gel'ziabar Stone, which allows him to scry visions and sounds from the past that are vital to the various missions.
  • In the US television series Charmed, the sisters scry with a crystal and a map to locate people.[20]
gollark: CC: Tweaked is basically the only decent version of CC now around.
gollark: They have speekerz.
gollark: I guess it can only do automatic psidust. A shame.
gollark: Nope.
gollark: I'll try infusion.

See also

References
  1. Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-861271-1.
  2. Whitridge, Thomas Northcote; Lang, Andrew (1905). Crystal gazing: its history and practice, with a discussion of the evidence for telepathic scrying. De La More Press.
  3. Lang, Andrew (1894). Cock Lane and common-sense. Longmans, Green, and Co.
  4. John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements. Senior Scribe Publications. pp. 184–194. ISBN 978-0-9630919-0-1.
  5. Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. pp. 55-56. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3
  6. Guiley, Rosemary. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Facts on File. p. 319. ISBN 0-8160-7103-9
  7. Cassandra Eason (January 2007). Scrying the Secrets of the Future: How to Use Crystal Balls, Water, Fire, Wax, Mirrors, Shadows, and Spirit Guides to Reveal Your Destiny. Career Press. ISBN 978-1-56414-908-4.
  8. Richard Bushman Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling.
  9. Smith, Lucy Mack (1853). The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother. p. 101.
  10. Bill Ellis, Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture (University of Kentucky, 2004). ISBN 0-8131-2289-9
  11. Besterman, Theodore (1995-11-01). Crystal Gazing: A Study in the History, Distribution, Theory and Practice of Scrying. ISBN 9781564595423.
  12. Prothero, Donald R. (2007). Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780231511421.
  13. De Camp, Lyon Sprague. (1980). The Ragged Edge of Science. Owlswick Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-913896-06-3 "The term "scrying" better describes this pseudo-science, because genuine crystal is not necessary. Glass, or any shiny object, will do as well. Scrying has been practiced with mirrors, jewels, little pools of water or ink, and (in medieval Europe) with polished sword blades."
  14. Rawcliffe, D. H. (1987). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Dover. pp. 128-133
  15. Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-805-80507-9
  16. Caputo, G B (2010). "Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion". Perception. 39 (7): 1007–1008. doi:10.1068/p6466. PMID 20842976. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  17. Bell, Vaughan. "The strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion". Mind Hacks. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  18. Greer, Mary K. (1995). Women of the Golden Dawn: Rebels and Priestesses. Park Street Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0892816071.
  19. Brown L. A. (2000). From discard to divination: Demarcating the sacred through the collection and curation of discarded objects. Latin American Antiquity 11: 319-333.
  20. Writer: Vivian and Valerie Mayhew. Director: James L. Conway (November 11, 1999). "That Old Black Magic". Charmed. Season 2. the WB.

Further reading
  • Theodore Besterman. (1924). Crystal Gazing: Study in the History, Distribution, Theory and Practice of Scrying. London: Rider.
  • Aleister Crowley, Adrian Axwirthy. (2001). A Symbolic Representation of the Universe: Derived by Doctor John Dee Through the Scrying of Sir Edward Kelly. Holmes Publishing Group.
  • Andrew Lang. (1900). Crystal Visions, Savage and Civilised. In The Making of Religion. London: Longmans. pp. 83–104.
  • Northcote Whitridge Thomas. (1905). Crystal Gazing: Its History and Practice with a Discussion on the Evidence for Telepathic Scrying. Moring.
  • Donald Tyson. (1997). Scrying for Beginners: Tapping into the Supersensory Powers of Your Subconscious. Llewellyn Publications.
  • Richard Wiseman. (2011). Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-75298-6
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