Lego Mindstorms

Lego Mindstorms is a hardware and software structure which is produced by Lego for the development of programmable robots based on Lego building blocks. Each version of the system includes a computer Lego brick that controls the system, a set of modular sensors and motors, and Lego parts from the Technic line to create the mechanical systems.

Lego Mindstorms

Robot based on the NXT platform
Subject	Robotics
Availability	1998 (1998)–
Official website

Since creation, there have been four generations of the Mindstorms platform: the original Robotics Invention System, NXT, NXT 2.0, and EV3. With each platform release, the motor and sensor capabilities expanded. The latest system, Lego Mindstorms EV3, was released on 1 September 2013. Some robot competitions use this set, such as the FIRST Lego League and the World Robot Olympiad.

History

The original Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System was born out of a collaboration between The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Lego group. In 1985, Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen, then Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of The Lego Group, heard of the work of MIT's Seymour Papert and was struck by how similar his goals of learning through building were to those of The Lego Group's newly formed educational division. The Lego Group began a partnership with Papert's Media Lab, funding their research and sharing ideas.[1]^:14[2][3] Born out of this collaboration (and the work of Papert and collaborator Mitchel Resnik's Epistemology and Learning group) was the idea to have children use the LOGO programming language to command Lego brick robots of their own design connected to a computer.[4] In 1988 the Media Lab created a Lego Brick compatible computer that could be used to control a robot without connection to a desktop computer.[5] There was interest within The Lego Group to commercialize this Brick compatible computer as soon as personal computers became widespread, and in 1996 The Lego Group began developing this computer into what would eventually be known as the Robotics Invention System.[1]^:25

In 1996, the newly formed Home Learning division of Lego Education began developing Media Lab's "Grey Brick" into an official product.[6] At the same time, Media Lab was working with the Epistemology and learning group to develop a version of the "Grey Brick" specifically for classroom instructions and the collaboration between these three organizations led to two separate versions of the brick computer: The Lego Group's Robotics Command eXplorer (RCX) and Media Lab's "Red Brick". The Liquid Crystal Diode (LCD) display that the two bricks share was specifically requested by teachers interviewed by the Epistemology and Research group, in order to give readouts of the status of the motors or sensors in real time.[1]^:18[7] Both bricks also ran programs created through the use of visual programming, the RCX using a coding software based on MIT's LOGO Blocks. The Mindstorms' project development team had to redevelop the language after finding out it was too complicated for the target audience (10-14-year-old boys[1]^:26) which caused them to miss the original 1997 launch date. Lego Mindstorms' Robotic Invention System 1.0 was released in September 1998.[7][8]

Pre-Mindstorm

Before Mindstorms, Lego had previously done some experimentation with robotic sets. One of the main foundations of these sets was the Lego Technic system and its 4.5 V and later 9 V system for electrical peripherals that had been evolving through the 1980s.

Computer Interfaces

One of the first examples of programmable Lego was the LEGO Interface-A adapter, used for the educational-only Lego Dacta TC-Logo system. These sets from the mid-late 1980s provided a dedicated hardware interface to control the Lego Technic 4.5 V system using a computer, and for the first time it introduced electric Lego sensors. This interface was controlled from an IBM-PC or Apple-IIe by the use of a special version of Logo, a simple programming language designed for use in children's education. In the mid-1990s, the Lego Dacta Control Lab released as a follow-up for Lego 9 V system, using a standard serial port rather than a custom hardware interface card. This move also introduced new 9 V sensors, which would later become a key component for the first-generation Mindstorms sets. It is worth noting that the Control Lab had dedicated ports for active and passive sensors, while later products like first generation Mindstorms provided support for both kinds on the same ports.

Technic Control Center

The control center (1990) was the first programmable standalone Lego product, in the sense of being able to store sequence-based programs and run them. It featured three output ports and manual control, and it was only capable of storing linear sequences of manual input plus timing information. It could store up to two programs at once.

The manual controls could be used to independently control the three motors. To record a program; the controller had to be put in programming mode, and then any manual control would be recorded to the program. Pauses could also be included in a program. When the recording was done, the controller could successfully recall and execute any manual action done during the recording. The executing program could be set to loop infinitely.

Cybermaster

Lego Cybermaster

Cybermaster was mainly sold in Europe and Australia/New Zealand and was available for a short time in the United States via the Lego Club magazines. It was aimed at an older audience as an early attempt of merging with robotics and Lego.

The brick shares many, especially software, features with the RCX but differs in appearance and technical specifications: one output (plus two built-in) and four sensors.

• It uses RF (27 MHz R/C band) instead of IR for communication.
• It has two built-in motors with integrated tachometers and speedometers.
• It is limited to passive sensors (a simple A/D with internal pull-up resistors).
• The sensors shipped with it are color-coded and have internal resistors in their open state (allowing the Pbrick to sense which sensor is attached to which port).
• It has a fixed firmware (so it cannot be upgraded or replaced).
• It has limited RAM for programs (395 bytes) and only one program slot.

Despite its obvious limitations it has a number of advantages over its 'big brother', the RCX.

• The RF link has greater range and is omnidirectional.
• The built-in tachometer and speedometer sensors on the internal motors provides the same function as the external rotation sensor to the RCX, but without using up sensor ports.

This makes it very useful for various mobile platforms and performing advanced motion/positioning tasks.

It talks the same protocol as the RCX but cannot communicate directly to it (due to IR vs RF) but with a repeater (a computer with 2 serial ports and a simple program) they can communicate indirectly.

Codepilot

Sold as part of the Barcode Truck kit. This unit was the first programmable brick (or Pbrick). It features a single motor, a single touch sensor and a light sensor. It is programmed by setting it to 'learn' and using the light sensor to feed barcoded commands. The command set is very limited. Since barcode is just a series of variances in light, this form of command entry was dubbed VLL (Visual Light Link) and has been used in several later Lego models.

Robotics Discovery Set and Droid/Darkside Developer Kit

The Robotics Discovery Set was a more affordable and simpler package than the Robotics Invention Set. Instead of being based on the RCX, it had its own programmable brick called the Scout. An even simpler version of the Scout would be featured in two Star-Wars themed Mindstorms sets as well.

Scout

Lego also released a blue computer called the Scout, which has 2 sensor ports, 2 motor ports (plus one extra if linked with a Micro Scout using a fiber optic cable), and a built in light sensor, but no PC interface. It comes with the Robotics Discovery Set. The Scout can be programmed from a collection of built-in program combinations. In order to program the Scout, a user must enable "power mode" on it. The Scout can store one program.

The Scout is based on a Toshiba microcontroller with 32 KB of ROM and 1 KB of RAM, where about 400 bytes are available for user-programs. Due to the extremely limited amount of RAM, many predefined subroutines were provided in ROM. The Scout only supports passive external sensors, which means that only touch, temperature and other unpowered sensors can be used. The analog-to-digital converters used in the Scout only have a resolution of 8 bits in contrast to the 10-bit converters of the RCX.[9]

There was a plan for Lego to create a booster set that allows you to program the Scout from a computer with a software such as RCX code. However, due to the complexity of this project, it was abandoned.

The RCX can control the Scout brick using the "Send IR Message" program block. The RCX does all of the controlling, and therefore can be programmed with the PC, while the Scout accepts commands. The Scout brick must have all of its options set to "off".

Micro Scout

The Micro Scout was added as an entry level to Lego robotics. It is a very limited Pbrick with a single built-in light sensor and a single built-in motor. It has seven built-in programs and can be controlled by a Scout, Spybotics or RCX unit using VLL. Like the Scout, the Micro Scout is also based on a microcontroller from Toshiba.

The unit was sold as part of the Droid Developer Kit (featuring R2-D2) and later the Darkside Developer Kit (featuring an AT-AT Imperial Walker).

Robotics Invention System

The main core of the first generation of Mindstorms sets were the Robotics Invention System sets. These were based around the RCX (Robotic Command eXplorers) brick, and the 9 V LEGO Technic peripherals available at the time. It also includes three touch-sensors and an optical sensor, using the technology from the earlier 9 V sensors from the pre-Mindstorms sets.

RCX

First-generation RCX programmable brick

The RCX is based on the Single-bit Renesas H8/300 microcontroller, including 32 KB of ROM for low-level IO functions, along with 32 KB of RAM to store high-level firmware and user programs. The RCX is programmed by uploading a program using a dedicated infrared interface. After the user uploads a program, the RCX can run it on its own without needing access to a computer. Programs may take use of three sensor input ports and three 9 V output ports, in addition to the IR interface, enabling several RCX bricks to communicate. A built-in LCD can display the battery level, the status of the input/output ports, which program is selected or running, and other information.[10]

Version 1.0 RCX bricks feature a power adapter jack rather than solely batteries. In version 2.0 (as well as later 1.0s included in the RIS 1.5), the power adapter jack was removed. Power-adapter equipped RCX bricks were popular for stationary robotics projects (such as robot arms) or for controlling Lego model trains. In the latter context, the RCX might be programmed with Digital Command Control (DCC) software to operate multiple wired trains.

The IR interface on the RCX is able to communicate with Spybots, Scout Bricks, Lego Trains, and the NXT (using a third-party infrared link sensor). The RCX 1.0 IR receiver carrier frequency is 38.5 kHz, while the RCX 2.0 IR carrier frequency is 76 kHz. Both versions can transmit on either frequency. The RCX communicates with a computer using a Serial or USB IR tower. As the RCX is discontinued, support for the interface is limited on more recent operating systems than Windows XP.

All versions of the RCX have a unique number printed on it, which could be registered on the now-defunct Lego Mindstorms RCX website. This was necessary to obtain technical support. The first RCX produced is marked "000001" and was on display at the Mindstorms 10th Anniversary event.[11]

Expansion Packs

Six expansion-packs were made for the Robotics Invention System. Most expansion sets contains more parts and instructions, while other expansion sets were more ambitious. These sets include:

• RoboSports
• Extreme Creatures
• Ultimate Accessory Set
• Vision Command
• Exploration Mars
• Ultimate Builders Set

Notable sets include the Ultimate Accessory Set, containing more sensors and an IR remote-control for sending commands to the RCX. Another notable set, Vision Command, came with a Lego Camera and dedicated software. This software was capable of detecting different lightings, motion, and colors.

Lego Mindstorms NXT

Main article: Lego Mindstorms NXT

Lego Mindstorms NXT was a programmable robotics kit released by Lego in July 2006, replacing the first-generation LEGO Mindstorms kit.[12] The kit consists of 577 pieces, including: 3 servo motors, 4 sensors (ultrasonic, sound, touch, and light), 7 connection cables, a USB interface cable, and the NXT Intelligent Brick. The Intelligent Brick is the "brain" of a Mindstorms machine. It lets the robot autonomously perform different operations. The kit also includes NXT-G, a graphical programming environment that enables the creation and downloading of programs to the NXT. The software also has instructions for 4 robots; Alpha-Rex (a humanoid), Tri-Bot (a car), Robo-Arm T-56 (a robotic arm), and Spike (a scorpion)

Lego Mindstorms NXT Educational Version

This is the educational version of the NXT set from Lego Education, which is made for school use. Software was sold separately (but can be downloaded for free now), and the Education Resource Set for the best use. It includes a light sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a sound sensor, three lamps and a pair of touch sensors. The first set consists of about 400 pieces, and the extra set consists of about 600 pieces. The Education Version is most suited for those who have older versions of Mindstorms sets around, mostly thanks to its three converter cables.

Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0

The Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 was launched on 5 August 2009. It contains 619 pieces (includes sensors and motors), two Touch Sensors, an Ultrasonic Sensor, and introduced a new Color Sensor. The NXT 2.0 uses Floating Point operations whereas earlier versions use Integer operation.[13] The kit costs around US$280.

Mindstorms Color Sensor

Lego Mindstorms EV3

Brick of Lego Mindstorms EV3

Main article: Lego Mindstorms EV3

The Lego Mindstorms EV3 is the third generation Lego Mindstorms product. EV3 is a further development of the NXT.[14][15] The system was released on 1 September 2013. The LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 set includes motors, sensors, the EV3 programmable brick, 550+ LEGO Technic elements and a remote control. The EV3 can be controlled by smart-devices. It can boot an alternative operating system from a microSD card, which makes it possible to run ev3dev, a Debian-based operating system.

Programming languages

Further information: Lego Mindstorms NXT § Programming

Name	Device			Program Type		Language type(s)	Notes	Links
	RCX	NXT	EV3	Runs On Brick	Remote Control
Actor-Lab						Custom flowchart-like language
Ada		Yes				Ada	Requires nxtOSEK
Ada Interface to MindStorms						Ada
App Inventor		Yes				App Inventor	Specific support for LEGO(tm) MINDSTORMS(tm) NXT sensors and motors
brickOS	Yes	No	No			C/C++		website
Ch						C/C++ Interpreter	Control Lego Mindstorms in C/C++ interactively without compilation
clang						C, C++
CoderZ			Yes	Yes	No	Java	Works with Blockly or with Java (using LejOS). Also includes an online 3D simulator[16]	website
Cpp4Robots	No	No	Yes	Yes		C/C++	Cpp4Robots is extension(plugin) for Microsoft Visual Studio environment. This extension allows programming of Lego EV3 in native C/C++ language and in Microsoft Visual Studio development environment. This Cpp4Robots extension works with default firmware in EV3 Brick.	website
DialogOS						Graphical Flowchart for voice controlled robots	DialogOS combines speech recognition and speech synthesis with robotics, enabling you to build talking robots that react to your voice commands.
Enchanting						Drag and drop, similar to NXT-G	Program your robots simply by dragging the line of functions.
EV3Basic	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Microsoft Small Basic		website
ev3_scratch			Yes	No	Yes	Scratch (programming language)	Scratch code runs in the browser relaying commands to EV3 robot over Bluetooth.
FLL NXT Navigation		Yes				Uses NXT-G and .txt files
GCC						C/C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, Ada, others
Gnikrap	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	JavaScript / Scratch like programming		website
GNU Toolchain for h8300						C/C++, ASM
HVM			Yes			Development environment for the Java programming language for the Mindstorms EV3, Eclipse-based	Works with Java 1.7. Works with the standard Lego firmware. Does not require a microSD card. Requires a wireless bluetooth dongle for the EV3	website
Interactive C						C-style language.	Language developed for the MIT Lego Robot Design Contest
jaraco.nxt		Yes			Yes	Python	Python modules providing low-level interfaces for controlling a Lego NXT brick via Bluetooth. Also includes code for controlling motors with an Xbox 360 controller using pyglet.
LabVIEW		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	National Instruments LabVIEW visual programming language (G code)	Core language used to develop Mindstorms NXT software. Can use available add-on kit to create and download programs to NXT, create original NXT blocks or control robot directly via USB or Bluetooth using NXT fantom.dll
LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 API for .NET	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	.NET, WinJS and C++	A .NET API for the LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 brick usable from desktop, Windows Phone and WinRT. With this API, you can connect, control and read sensor data from your LEGO EV3 brick over Bluetooth, WiFi, or USB.	website
Lego.NET						Anything that can compile to CIL, works best with C#	Does not come with a compiler, converts CIL to machine code
Lego::NXT		Yes		No	Yes	Perl	Set of Perl modules providing real-time low-level control of a Lego NXT brick over Bluetooth.
LegoLog						Prolog	Uses an NQC program to interpret commands send from the PC running the Prolog code
LegoNXTRemote		Yes		No	Yes	Objective-C	Remote control program for remotely operating and programming a Lego NXT Brick. Supports NXT 2.0 and 1.0, sensors, all 3 motors, automatic "steering" control, and running preloaded programs.
leJOS	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Java	A java based system for advanced programmers can handle most sensors and things like GPS, speech recognition and mapping technology. Can be interfaced with the Eclipse IDE or run from the command line
Lestat						C++	Allows you to control the NXT directly from any C++ program in Linux.
librcx						C/C++	A library for GCC
Logitech SDK						Visual Basic, Visual C++	Can be combined with an RCX control library such as spirit.ocx from the MindStorms SDK to make use of the Lego Cam
Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL)		Yes		No	Yes	Graphical flowchart, based on .NET	With the Microsoft Robotics Studio, it uses a native NXT program msrs to send and receive messages to and from a controlling program on a computer via Bluetooth
Mindstorms SDK						Visual Basic, Visual C++, MindScript, LASM	You do not need VB to use the VB features as MS Office comes with a cut down version of VB for making macros
Monobrick			Yes	Yes	Yes	C#	.NET 4.5. Firmware running from SD card.	website
NQC	Yes			Yes		NQC, a C-like language
NXT++						C++	Allows controlling the NXT directly from any C++ program, in Visual Studio, Windows.
NXT_Python		Yes		No	Yes	Python	NXT_Python is a package for controlling a LEGO NXT robot using the Python language. It can communicate via USB or Bluetooth.
NXT-Python		Yes		No	Yes	Python	Based on NXT_Python, includes additional advanced features, support for around 30 sensors, and multiple brick connection backends. Works on Windows, Linux, Mac.
NXTGCC						Assembly, C, makefiles, Eclipse, etc.	The first GCC toolchain for programming the Lego Mindstorms NXT firmware.
nxtOSEK						C/C++
OCaml-mindstorm						OCaml	Module to control LEGO NXT robots using OCaml through the Bluetooth and USB interfaces.
OnScreen						A custom language which can be programmed directly on the RCX
pbForth	Yes					Forth	No longer developed.
pbLua		Yes				API for the Lua programming language for the Mindstorms NXT, text-based	pBLua: ... is written in portable C, with minimal runtime requirements; can be compiled on the fly on NXT; is a small, easy to read, and easy to write language; has extensive documentation available online and in dead-tree format, and a very friendly newsgroup	website
PBrickDev						PBrickDev, a flowchart based language.	Has more functionality than the RIS language, such as datalogs and subroutines/multithreading.
PRO-BOT						A kind of Visual Basic/spirit.ocx-based language	Designed for robots which are in contact with the workstation at all times
Processing		Yes				Java (Simplified / programmed C-style)	Processing (programming language) is an open source programming language and environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interactions. It is used by students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists for learning, prototyping, and production. To control the NXT with Processing you can use the NXTComm Processing library developed by Jorge Cardoso.
QuiteC						C	A library for use with GCC and comes with GCC for Windows.
RCX Code	Yes					RCX Code, a custom flowchart-based language	Included in the Mindstorms consumer version sold at toystore
ROBOLAB						A flowchart language based on LabVIEW	This is the programming environment offered to schools who use MindStorms, supports the Lego Cam. The programming structure simulates a flowchart design structure almost icon by icon. Therefore, it helps users a great deal in terms of translating from a flowchart design to Robolab icons.
RoboMind						Simple educational scripting language available from Arabic to Ukrainian.	The RoboMind learning environment allows to quickly develop and test scripts for a virtual robot environment. The scripts can then directly be transferred to a Lego Mindstorms NXT robot. It works on the standard firmware.
RoboRealm						A multi-platform language that works with IRobot Roomba, NXT, RCX, VEX, and many other popular robotic sets. This language is also capable for video processing using a webcam, this gives your robot excellent vision since it can filter out certain colors, lock-on to a certain area of color, display variables from the robot or computer, and much more. The software works with keyboard, joystick, and mouse.
ROBOTC	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		An Integrated development environment targeted towards students that is used to program and control LEGO NXT, VEX, RCX and Arduino robots using a programming language based on the C programming language.	ROBOTC gives the ability to use a text-based language based on the C language. It includes built-in debugger tools, as well as (but not limited to) code templates, Math/Trig operations (sin, cos, tan, asin, acos... etc.), user-friendly auto-complete function built into the interface, built-in sample programs. This deserves a special note for its debugging tool. For any developer, you will know how important it is to have a good debugging tool. Among all other robotics programming languages which support Mindstorms platform, RobotC's debugging environment does deserve a special note; although it is not free.
Robotics.NXT		Yes			Yes	Haskell	A Haskell interface over Bluetooth. It supports direct commands, messages and many sensors (also unofficial). It has also support for a simple message-based control of a NXT brick via remotely executed program (basic NXC code included).
ROS						A Linux based library for writing robots. The stack "nxt" provides interface with the NXT.
ruby-nxt		Yes			Yes	Ruby	Provides low-level access to the NXT via Bluetooth as well as some preliminary high-level functionality.
RWTH – Mindstorms NXT Toolbox		Yes			Yes	MATLAB	Interface to control the NXT from MATLAB via Bluetooth or USB (open-source).
Simulink (LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT Support)		Yes				Simulink	Provides a one-click rapid programming tool for the NXT. C code is automatically generated from a graphical Simulink model. The code is then deployed and downloaded onto the NXT, from where it can be run. The Mathworks provides an array of graphical blocks that represent the various sensors and actuators that the NXT uses.
SqLego						Squeak
Swift / Robotary			Yes	Yes		Swift (programming language)	Robotary is a Mac robotics studio that uses the Swift programming language.	website
TclRCX	Yes					Tcl
Terrapin Logo						LOGO
TinySoar						Soar	An implementation of the Soar artificial intelligence architecture that runs on the RCX brick. Soar incorporates acting, planning, and learning in a rule-based framework.
TinyVM	Yes					Java	A predecessor to the lejos language. An open source Java based replacement firmware for the Lego Mindstorms RCX microcontroller.
Transterpreter (The)						Occam
TuxMinds						(Linux) GUI for various distributions, an open source IDE based on Qt. Supports a lot of bots. RCX, NXT and Asuro are predefined.	With the XML-based configuration file almost any kind of bot (or microcontroller) can be added. Own equipment can be added in the same manner.
URBI by Gostai for Lego Mindstorms NXT						URBI, C++, Java, Matlab	Easy to use parallel and event-driven script language with a component architecture and opensource interfaces to many programming languages. It also offers voice/speech recognition/synthesis, face recognition/detection, Simultaneous localization and mapping, etc.
Vision Command	Yes					RCX Code	The official programming language for use with the Lego Cam, that allows you to control your robot with color, motion, and flashes of light.
XS						Lisp

Use in education

Mindstorms kits are also sold and used as an educational tool, originally through a partnership between Lego and the MIT Media Laboratory.[17][18] The educational version of the products is called Mindstorms for schools or Mindstorms Education, and later versions comes with the ROBOLAB GUI-based programming software, developed at Tufts University[19] using the National Instruments LabVIEW as an engine. In addition, the shipped software can be replaced with third party firmware and/or programming languages, including some of the most popular ones used by professionals in the embedded systems industry, like Java and C. One of the differences between the educational series, known as the "Challenge Set", and the consumer series, known as the "Inventor Set", is that it includes another touch sensor and several more gearing options. However, there are several other standouts between the two versions that one may not recognize unless doing a side by side analysis of what each offers. The version sold through LEGO Education is designed for a deeper level of learning or teaching that often happens in a classroom or school setting. The LEGO Education version comes with support called the Robot Educator. This includes 48 tutorials to walk the learner through the basics of coding to more sophisticated and complex concepts such as data logging. This resource to support the learner and/or educator are not included in the retail version of Mindstorms. It's always a good idea to reach out to a LEGO Education consultant to inquire of other differences as there are several more. The retail version was designed for more of a home/toy use vs the educator model was designed to support deeper learning with extra resources and pieces to do so. This is why the LEGO Education Mindstorms contains more sensors and parts than the retail version.

Community

There is a strong community of professionals and hobbyists of all ages involved in the sharing of designs, programming techniques, creating third-party software and hardware, and contributing of other ideas associated with Lego Mindstorms. The Lego Mindstorms system/website is organized much like a wiki, harnessing the creative potential and collaborative efforts of participants. Lego also encourages sharing and peering by making software code available for downloading and by holding various contests and events.

See also

• FIRST Lego League
• WRO (World Robot Olympiad)
• FIRST Tech Challenge
• RoboCup Junior
• Big Trak
• iRobot Create
• Robofest
• Robotis Bioloid
• The Robotic Workshop
• Robotics suite
• C-STEM Studio

Citations

1. Beland, Cristopher (15 December 2000). LEGO Mindstorms: The Structure of an Engineering (R)evolution (conference paper). Docket 6.399J Structure of Engineering Revolutions. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
2. Robertson, David (2013). Brick by Brick: How Lego rewrote the rules of innovation and conquered the global toy industry. United States: Crown Publishing. pp. 184–185. ISBN 9780307951618.
3. "Lego Mindstorms: A History of Educational Robots". Hack Education. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
4. Resnick, Mitchel; Ocko, Stephen (n.d.). LEGO/Logo: Learning Through and About Design (Research Paper). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
5. "To Mindstorms and Beyond: Evolution of a Construction Kit for Magical Machines" (PDF). MIT Media Laboratory. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
6. Askildsen, Tormod (4 December 2018). "LEGO Mindstorms reflections – What happened before the announcement in January 1998". lan.Lego.com. The LEGO Group. Retrieved 26 March 2019. In 1995, (...) I got permission to set up a new function we called "Home Learning" in LEGO Dacta. (...) Parallel to this, the MIT Media Lab who had been working closely with LEGO Dacta for several years, worked on a concept they called the "intelligent LEGO brick". They were playing around with a number of pretty cool prototypes. For me to get a much deeper understanding of how kids wanted to learn about new things, we organized numerous focus group discussions across the US. Listening to the kids. Key findings pointed us in the direction of fun, even "hard fun", making things and "something with technology".These findings resonated very well with our friends at the Media Lab and at some point during 1996 it was decided to put the "intelligent LEGO brick" at the center of the Home Learning project.
7. Oliver, David; Roos, Johnathan (2003). "Dealing with the unexpected: Critical incidents in the LEGO Mindstorms team" (PDF). Human Relations. 56 (9): 1057–1082. doi:10.1177/0018726703569002. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
8. Askildsen, Tormod (4 December 2018). "LEGO Mindstorms reflections – What happened before the announcement in January 1998". lan.Lego.com. The LEGO Group. Retrieved 26 March 2019. Our initial plan was to launch the product in late 1997 (...) But, a few critical incidents delayed us.
9. "ROBOTICS DISCOVERY SET - INFO FOR HACKERS". 10 February 2001.
10. Kekoa Proudfoot (1999). "RCX Internals". mralligator.com. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
11. "DSC03489.jpg". flickr.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
12. "What's NXT? LEGO Group Unveils LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT Robotics Toolset at Consumer Electronics Show". Press Release. LAS VEGAS: LEGO Company. 4 January 1986. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
13. "Lego Robotics FAQ". 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
14. EV3-Overview
15. Crook, Jordan. "LEGO Mindstorms EV3: The Better, Faster, Stronger Generation of Robotic Programming". TechCrunch. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
16. "CoderZ, an online learning environment for MINDSTORMS robotics". www.thenxtstep.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
17. "The MIT Programmable Brick". Epistemology and Learning Group. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 13 February 1998. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
18. "Programmable Bricks". Projects. MIT Media Lab. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
19. Erwin, Ben; Cyr, Martha; Rogers, Chris (2000). "LEGO Engineer and RoboLab: Teaching Engineering with LabVIEW from Kindergarten to Graduate School" (PDF). International Journal of Engineering Education. 16 (3): 181–192. For the past 6 years, faculty members at Tufts University have developed two different software packages between LabVIEW and Lego data acquisition systems. These packages allow us to teach engineering with both Lego bricks and LabVIEW to students from 5 to 50 years old. The versatility of the hardware and software allow a wide variety of possibilities in what students can build and program. From robots and remote sensing devices to kinetic sculptures. As students design and build their projects, they are motivated to learn the math and science they need to optimise their project. Both college students and kindergartners respond to this motivator. In the paper, we explain how we designed software to complement these projects in allowing automation and animation. The software uses LabVIEW, extending its capabilities to kindergartners and Lego bricks. Finally, we will show how we have used LabVIEW and Lego data acquisition to teach elementary school science, freshman engineering, instrumentation and experimentation, and how college seniors and graduate students have used both the hardware and software to solve various data acquisition problems

Additional references

• Bagnall, Brian. Maximum LEGO NXT: Building Robots with Java Brains. Variant Press. 2007. ISBN 0-9738649-1-5.
• Bagnall, Brian. Core LEGO Mindstorms. Prentice-Hall PTR. 2002. ISBN 0-13-009364-5.
• Baum, Dave. Definitive Guide to LEGO MINDSTORMS, 2nd ed. Apress. 2002. ISBN 1-59059-063-5.
• Erwin, Benjamin. Creative Projects with LEGO Mindstorms (book and CD-ROM). Addison-Wesley. 2001. ISBN 0-201-70895-7.
• Ferrari et al. Building Robots with LEGO Mindstorms: The Ultimate Tool for Mindstorms Maniacs. Syngress. 2001. ISBN 1-928994-67-9.
• Gindling, J., A. Ioannidou, J. Loh, O. Lokkebo, and A. Repenning., "LEGOsheets: A Rule-Based Programming, Simulation and Manipulation Environment for the LEGO Programmable Brick", Proceeding of Visual Languages, Darmstadt, Germany, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995, pp. 172–179.
• Breña Moral, Juan Antonio. Develop LeJOS programs Step by Step, "http://www.juanantonio.info/lejos-ebook/".

External links

• Official LEGO Mindstorms
• Lego Mindstorms at Curlie