Rhipicephalus

Rhipicephalus is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species.[2][3] Most are native to tropical Africa.[2]

Rhipicephalus
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Subclass: Acari
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Rhipicephalus
Koch, 1844[1]
Type species
Ixodes sanguineus
Latreille, 1806
Species

About 74–75 species, see text.

Species are difficult to distinguish from one another because most are quite similar, while individuals of one particular species can be quite variable.[3] Most of the characteristics used to identify species pertain to male and immature specimens, and "females are sometimes simply impossible to identify".[3]

Many Rhipicephalus spp. are of economic, medical, and veterinary importance because they are vectors of pathogens. They transmit the pathogens that cause the animal and human diseases East Coast fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis,[2] Boutonneuse fever, Lyme disease, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever,[4] and they inject a neurotoxin in their bite that leads to tick-caused paralysis.[2]

Boophilus was once considered a separate genus, but studies in the early 2000s resulted in Boophilus being made a subgenus of Rhipicephalus.[5]

Species familiar in the domestic environment include the brown dog tick (R. sanguineus).

Etymology

The name Rhipicephalus is derived from the Greek word rhiphis, meaning "fan-like", and κεφαλή, kephalē, meaning "head". The two terms are related to the hexagonal basis capituli of Rhipicephalus.

Species
  • Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann 1901 – brown ear tick
  • Rhipicephalus aquatilis Walker, Keirans & Pegram, 1993
  • Rhipicephalus armatus Pocock, 1900
  • Rhipicephalus arnoldi Theiler & Zumpt, 1949
  • Rhipicephalus australis Fuller, 1899
  • Rhipicephalus bequaerti Zumpt, 1949
  • Rhipicephalus bergeoni Morel & Balis, 1976
  • Rhipicephalus boueti Morel, 1957
  • Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878
  • Rhipicephalus camicasi Morel, Mouchet & Rodhain, 1976
  • Rhipicephalus capensis Koch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus carnivoralis Walker, 1966
  • Rhipicephalus complanatus Neumann, 1911
  • Rhipicephalus compositus Neumann, 1897
  • Rhipicephalus congolensis Apanaskevich, Horak & Mulumba-Mfumu, 2013[6]
  • Rhipicephalus cuspidatus Neumann, 1906
  • Rhipicephalus deltoideus Neumann, 1910
  • Rhipicephalus distinctus Bedford 1932
  • Rhipicephalus duttoni Neumann, 1907
  • Rhipicephalus dux Dönitz, 1910
  • Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann, 1897
  • Rhipicephalus exophthalmos Keirans & Walker 1993
  • Rhipicephalus follis Dönitz, 1910
  • Rhipicephalus fulvus Neumann, 1913
  • Rhipicephalus gertrudae Feldman-Muhsam, 1960
  • Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum Du Toit, 1941
  • Rhipicephalus guilhoni Morel & Vassiliades, 1963
  • Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, 1897
  • Rhipicephalus hoogstraali Kolonin, 2009
  • Rhipicephalus humeralis Rondelli, 1926
  • Rhipicephalus hurti Wilson, 1954
  • Rhipicephalus interventus Walker, Pegram & Keirans, 1995
  • Rhipicephalus jeanneli Neumann 1913
  • Rhipicephalus kochi Dönitz, 1905
  • Rhipicephalus leporis Pomerantsev, 1946
  • Rhipicephalus longiceps Warburton 1912
  • Rhipicephalus longicoxatus Neumann, 1905
  • Rhipicephalus longus Neumann, 1907
  • Rhipicephalus lounsburyi Walker, 1990
  • Rhipicephalus lunulatus Neumann 1907
  • Rhipicephalus maculatus Neumann, 1901
  • Rhipicephalus masseyi Nuttall & Warburton 1908
  • Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888)
  • Rhipicephalus moucheti Morel, 1965
  • Rhipicephalus muehlensi Zumpt, 1943
  • Rhipicephalus muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, 1965
  • Rhipicephalus neumanni Walker, 1990
  • Rhipicephalus nitens Neumann, 1904
  • Rhipicephalus oculatus Neumann 1901
  • Rhipicephalus oreotragi Walker & Horak, 2000
  • Rhipicephalus pilans Schulze, 1935
  • Rhipicephalus planus Neumann, 1907
  • Rhipicephalus praetextatus Gerstäcker, 1873
  • Rhipicephalus pravus Dönitz, 1910
  • Rhipicephalus pseudolongus Santos Dias, 1953
  • Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker, 1873
  • Rhipicephalus pumilio Schulze, 1935
  • Rhipicephalus punctatus Warburton 1912
  • Rhipicephalus pusillus Gil Collado, 1936
  • Rhipicephalus ramachandrai Dhanda, 1966
  • Rhipicephalus rossicus Yakimov & Kol-Yakimova, 1911
  • Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, 1806 – brown dog tick
  • Rhipicephalus scalpturatus Santos Dias, 1959
  • Rhipicephalus schulzei Olenev 1929
  • Rhipicephalus sculptus Warburton 1912
  • Rhipicephalus senegalensis Koch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus serranoi Santos Dias 1950
  • Rhipicephalus simpsoni Nuttall 1910
  • Rhipicephalus simus Koch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus sulcatus Neumann, 1908
  • Rhipicephalus supertritus Neumann, 1907
  • Rhipicephalus tetracornus Kitaoka & Suzuki, 1983[7][8]:321
  • Rhipicephalus theileri Bedford & Hewitt, 1925
  • Rhipicephalus tricuspis Dönitz, 1906
  • Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantsev 1936
  • Rhipicephalus warburtoni Walker & Horak, 2000
  • Rhipicephalus zambeziensis Walker, Norval & Corwin, 1981
  • Rhipicephalus zumpti Santos Dias, 1950

Subgenus Boophilus
  • Rhipicephalus annulatus Say, 1821
  • Rhipicephalus decoloratus Koch, 1844
  • Rhipicephalus geigyi Aeschlimann & Morel, 1965
  • Rhipicephalus kohlsi Hoogstraal & Kaiser, 1960
  • Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini, 1888 – southern cattle tick
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References
  1. Koch, C. L. (1844). "Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken". Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 10 (1): 238–239.
  2. Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007). Climate change and the genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74(1), 45-72.
  3. Beati, L. and J. E. Keirans. (2001). Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters. The Journal of Parasitology 87(1), 32.
  4. Rhipicephalus. Tick Identification Key. University of Lincoln.
  5. Murrell, Anna; Barker, Stephen C. (2003). "Synonymy of Boophilus Curtice, 1891 with Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 56 (3): 169–172. doi:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000003802.36517.a0.
  6. Apanaskevich, D. A., et al. 2013. A new species of Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of Red River hogs and domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Medical Entomology 50(3), 479-84.
  7. Kitaoka, Shigeo; Suzuki, Hiroshi (1983). "Studies on the Parasite Fauna of Thailand: 5. Parasitic ticks on mammals and description of Ixodes siamensis sp. n. and Rhipicephalus tetracornus sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae)". Tropical Medicine. 25 (4): 205–219. hdl:10069/4366.
  8. Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Robbins, Richard G.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Horak, Ivan G. (2009). "Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008" (PDF). Experimental and Applied Acarology. 48 (4): 311–327. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9246-2. PMID 19169832.

Further reading
  • Horak, I. G.; et al. (2000). The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acardi, Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-48008-6.
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