Guitarfish

The guitarfish are a family, Rhinobatidae, of rays. The guitarfish are known for an elongated body with a flattened head and trunk and small, ray-like wings. The combined range of the various species is tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate waters worldwide.

For other species known as guitarfish, see Glaucostegus and Wedgefish.

Guitarfish
Temporal range: Upper Jurassic–Recent [1]
Shovelnose guitarfish, Pseudobatos productus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Order:
Rhinopristiformes
Family:
Rhinobatidae

Genera

Description

Guitarfish have a body form intermediate between those of sharks and rays. The tail has a typical shark-like form, but in many species, the head has a triangular, or guitar-like shape, rather than the disc-shape formed by fusion with the pectoral fins found in other rays.[2]

Reproduction

Guitarfish are ovoviviparous; the embryo matures inside an egg inside the mother until it is ready to hatch. This is typical of rays.

Habitat

Guitarfish are bottom feeders that bury themselves in mud or sand and eat worms, crabs, and clams.[3] Some can tolerate salt, fresh, and brackish water.[4] They generally live close to the beach/coastline or in estuaries.[4]

Evolution

Rays, including guitarfish, belong to the ancient lineage of cartilaginous fishes. Fossil denticles (tooth-like scales in the skin) resembling that of today's chondrichthyans date at least as far back as the Ordovician, with the oldest unambiguous fossils of cartilaginous fish dating from the middle Devonian. A clade within this diverse family, the Neoselachii, emerged by the Triassic, with the best-understood neoselachian fossils dating from the Jurassic. This clade is represented today by sharks, sawfish, rays and skates.[5]

Classification

Nelson's 2006 Fishes of the World recognized four genera in this family: Aptychotrema, Rhinobatos, Trygonorrhina, and Zapteryx; other taxa once placed in the Rhinobatidae, such as Platyrhinoidis and Rhina, have since been moved to their own families. Recently, the genus Glaucostegus has again become recognized as distinct from Rhinobatos.

Rhinobatos has been split in three genera based on genetic and morphological considerations: Rhinobatos, Acroteriobatus and Pseudobatos. Tarsistes is dubious and may be a synonym of Pseudobatos, and other genera formerly included in Rhinobatidae have been moved to Glaucostegidae, Rhinidae and Trygonorrhinidae.[6][7][8]

  • Genus Acroteriobatus Giltay, 1928
    • Acroteriobatus annulatus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Lesser guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus blochii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Bluntnose guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus leucospilus (Norman, 1926) (Grayspotted guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus ocellatus (Norman, 1926) (Speckled guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus omanensis Last, Hendeson & Naylor, 2016 (Oman guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus salalah (J. E. Randall & Compagno, 1995) (Salalah guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus variegatus (Nair & Lal Mohan, 1973) (Stripenose guitarfish)
    • Acroteriobatus zanzibarensis (Norman, 1926) (Zanzibar guitarfish)
  • Genus Pseudobatos Last, Seret, and Naylor, 2016
    • Pseudobatos buthi K.M. Rutledge, 2019 (Spadenose guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos glaucostigmus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883) (Speckled guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos horkelii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Brazilian guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos lentiginosus (Garman, 1880) (Atlantic guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos leucorhynchus (Günther, 1867) (Whitesnout guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum, 1792) (Chola guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos planiceps (Garman, 1880) (Pacific guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos prahli (Acero P & Franke, 1995) (Gorgona guitarfish)
    • Pseudobatos productus (Ayres, 1854) (Shovelnose guitarfish)
  • Genus Rhinobatos H. F. Linck, 1790
    • Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930 (white-spotted guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos annandalei Norman, 1926 (Annandale's guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos borneensis Last, Séret & Naylor, 2016 (Borneo guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos holcorhynchus Norman, 1922 (slender guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos hynnicephalus J. Richardson, 1846 (Ringstreaked guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos irvinei Norman, 1931 (spineback guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Last, W. T. White & Fahmi, 2006 (Jimbaran shovelnose ray)[9]
    • Rhinobatos lionotus Norman, 1926 (smoothback guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos nudidorsalis Last, Compagno & Nakaya, 2004 (Bareback shovelnose ray)[10]
    • Rhinobatos penggali Last, W. T. White & Fahmi, 2006 (Indonesian shovelnose ray)[9]
    • Rhinobatos punctifer Compagno & Randall, 1987 (spotted guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos rhinobatos Linnaeus, 1758 (common guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos sainsburyi Last, 2004 (goldeneye shovelnose ray)
    • Rhinobatos schlegelii J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841 (brown guitarfish)
    • Rhinobatos whitei Last, Corrigan & Naylor, 2014 (Philippine guitarfish)
  • Genus †Myledaphus Cope, 1876
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References
  1. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Rhinobatidae" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  2. Stevens, J.; Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  3. "Shovelnose guitarfish, Sandy Seafloor, Fishes, Rhinobatos productus at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  4. Sullivan, Taylor. "FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Atlantic Guitarfish". Florida Museum of Natural History. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  5. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/chondrofr.html UCMP Berkeley "Chondrichthyes: Fossil Record"
  6. Peter Last; William White; Marcelo de Carvalho; Bernard Séret; Matthias Stehmann; Gavin Naylor, eds. (2016). Rays of the World. CSIRO. ISBN 9780643109148.
  7. Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (2nd ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 31–56. ISBN 9781439839249.
  8. Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Zootaxa. 4117 (4): 451–475. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1. PMID 27395187.
  9. Last, White & Fahmi 2006 (2006). "Rhinobatos jimbaranensis and R. penggali, two new shovelnose rays (Batoidea: Rhinobatidae) from eastern Indonesia". Cybium. 30 (3): 262ff.
  10. Peter R. Last; Leonard J.V. Compagno; Kazuhiro Nakaya (2004). "Rhinobatos nudidorsalis, a new species of shovelnose ray (Batoidea: Rhinobatidae) from the Mascarene Ridge, central Indian Ocean". Ichthyological Research. 51 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0211-0.
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