Republic Square, Yerevan

Republic Square (Armenian: Հանրապետության հրապարակ, Hanrapetut′yan hraparak, known locally as Hraparak, "the square")[5][6] is the central town square in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. It consists of two sections: an oval roundabout and a trapezoid-shaped section which contains a pool with musical fountains. The square is surrounded by five major buildings built in pink and yellow tufa in the neoclassical style with extensive use of Armenian motifs.[7][8] This architectural ensemble includes the Government House, the History Museum and the National Gallery, Armenia Marriott Hotel and two buildings that formerly housed the ministries of Foreign Affairs and Transport and Communications. The square was originally designed by Alexander Tamanian in 1924.[9] The construction of most of the buildings was completed by the 1950s; the last building—the National Gallery—was completed in 1977.[2]

Republic Square
The History Museum and the National Gallery (left) and the Government House (right) in Republic Square as seen at night, 2013
Former name(s)Lenin Square (1940–1990)[1]
Maintained byYerevan Municipality
Area3 hectares (30,000 m2)[1]
LocationKentron, Yerevan, Armenia
Nearest metro stationRepublic Square
Construction
Construction start1926[2][3][4]
Completion1977[2]
Other
DesignerAlexander Tamanian

During the Soviet period it was called Lenin Square and a statue of Vladimir Lenin stood at the square. Soviet parades and celebrations were held twice (originally thrice) a year until 1988. After Armenia's independence Lenin's statue was removed and the square was renamed.[10] It has been described as Yerevan's "architectural highlight"[11] and the city's "most outstanding architectural ensemble".[12] Travel writer Deirdre Holding suggested that it is "certainly one of the finest central squares created anywhere in the world during the 20th century."[13] As Armenia's and the city's "most important civic space",[14] Republic Square was the main site of demonstrations during the 2018 Velvet Revolution.

Architecture

The square consists of two sections. The oval roundabout that has a stone pattern in the center, meant to look like a traditional Armenian rug from above. The trapezoid-shaped section which contains the musical fountain in front of the History Museum and the National Gallery.[3] The buildings around the square are made of pink and yellow tuff stones, fortified on a basalt-made ground anchor.

History
The Main Square of Yerevan, pictured in 1916

The pre-Soviet square was designed by Boris Mehrabyan (Megrabov) in his 1906-11 general plan of Yerevan.[15] In 2003 the square was renovated and extensive excavations took place at the square. An older layer—from the 18th-19th centuries—was uncovered.[16]

The current square was designed by Alexander Tamanian within his 1924 general plan of Yerevan.[17] The construction of the square started in 1926, when the Government House began.[4][3] It was developed until the 1950s when the rest of the five buildings were constructed and finally completed in 1977, when the National Gallery was built. The square was named Lenin Square (Armenian: Լենինի հրապարակ, Lenini hraparak; Russian: площадь Ленина ploshchad’ Lenina) for Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, whose statue was erected in the square in 1940 and dismantlement in 1991, prior to the independence of Armenia.

Landmarks

Buildings
Building History and use
Government House #1
 The building is home to the Government of Armenia. It originally housed the People's Commissariat (the executive of Soviet Armenia).[2][9]

The north-western portion, built in 1926-29, was designed by Alexander Tamanian.[3] The construction of the rest of the building was taken up by Gevorg Tamanian, Alexander's son, in 1938[18] and finished in 1941.[2][9]

Museums Building
 History Museum of Armenia, National Gallery of Armenia

The buildings began in the 1950s with the National Gallery building being completed in 1977.[2][19] It was designed by Mark Grigorian and Eduard Sarapian.[2] A small portion of the ensemble, the Arno Babajanyan Concert Hall, dates back to 1916.[2]

Armenia Marriott Hotel
 It was completed in 1958 according to the design of Mark Grigorian and Eduard Sarapian.[2][20] The hotel was called Armenia during the Soviet period. A luxury hotel, it is considered the flagship hotel of Armenia.[21][22] It has 380 rooms.[23]
Government House #2
 The building was designed by Samvel Safaryan, Rafayel Israyelian, Varazdat Arevshatyan[2][24] and completed in 1955.[2][25] The friezes above first-floor windows are incomplete.[26] The building was home to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs between 1996 and 2016.[25]
Trade Unions and Communications Building
 Built in 1933[18]-1956, it was designed by Mark Grigorian and Eduard Sarapian.[2] The building was home to Ministry of Transport and Communications until 2016.[26]

Statue of Lenin
The statue of Lenin and the government house depicted on a 1978 Soviet stamp

A 7-meter statue of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, erected by Sergey Merkurov and standing atop an 11 meter high pedestal, was inaugurated in the square on November 24, 1940.[27][28] The monument faced the site of the planned National Gallery and "soon gained considerable acclaim as a great piece of monumental art."[29] The statue was removed from the pedestal on April 13, 1991 prior to the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was "placed on a truck and, like the body of a deceased person, driven round and round the central square as if in an open coffin" while people cheered.[30] The pedestal survived until the summer of 1996, when it was demolished.[27]

Replacements

Ter-Ghazaryan writes that "After the monument to Lenin was toppled, the balance of Republic Square was thrown off, and the empty space left where Lenin used to stand has been subject to various design proposals, but none has succeeded."[29]

On December 31, 2000 a 24-meter cross lit by light-bulbs was erected in the space left empty by Lenin’s pedestal. This installation was completed on the eve of 2001, which was when the Armenian state and the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the 1700th anniversary of being a Christian nation. The cross was lit by 1700 symbolic lamps, and continued to be at the center of celebrations that took place throughout the year of commemoration. However, at the end of 2001, the period of celebration ended and the cross was quietly dismantled. Since it was a temporary fixture, there was little discussion preceding its erection, as well as after its dismantling.[14]

In February 2004 a billboard-sized television screen playing advertisements for various organizations and products appeared in the empty space.[31] It was removed in 2006.[14]

In June 2019 the Yerevan municipality put up several karases (large clay wine amphorae) at the center of the lawn that has been grown in place of the statue.[32]

Proposals

Several competitions have been held in Armenia to select a replacement for the statue of Lenin. One of the most common proposals is to move the monument of Sasuntsi Davit (David of Sasun) to Republic Square. According to Ter-Ghazaryan the largely apolitical nature of this Armenian national hero of an epic novel would be a safe choice; however, she wrote in 2013 that the relocation of the monument from its current spot in front of Yerevan Railway Station "seems unlikely."[33]

Human rights activist Avetik Ishkhanyan proposed Aram Manukian's statue be erected at the site, on Lenin's pedestal.[34]

Fountains

After years of non-operation, the musical fountains were renovated by the French company Aquatique Show International[35] and costed around €1.4 million.[36] They were opened in September 2007.[37]

Christmas tree

A Christmas tree has been installed at the square every December since at least 1950.[38]

Drinking fountain
The water fountain

The drinking fountain (also known as pulpulak), located next to the museums' buildings, consists of seven fountains and is thus called Yot aghbyur ("Seven springs"). It was originally installed in 1965 and renovated in 2010.[35]

Events and incidents

Parades

During the Soviet times military parades were held the square on May 1 (the International Workers' Day), May 9 (Victory Day, until 1969)[27] and November 7 (October Revolution Day).[39][27] The leadership of Soviet Armenia stood at the podium, below Lenin's statue.[39] During Jubilee parades celebrating the anniversaries of foundation of Soviet Armenia (1961, 1970, 1980)[40], a wooden extension was added to the podium, in order to accommodate all the guests from the national government.[41] The last of these parades were held in 1988.[27] Military parades celebrating the independence of Armenia have been held on September 21 of 1996 (5th anniversary),[42] 1999 (8th anniversary),[43] 2006 (15th anniversary),[44][45] 2011 (20th anniversary),[46] 2016 (25th anniversary).[47]

Concerts
Yerevan Republic Square Christmas tree in December 2019

On September 30, 2006 French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour performed a concert at Republic Square.[48]

On April 23, 2015 the Armenian-American rock band System of a Down gave their first-ever concert in Armenia in Republic Square. The free concert was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and was attended by thousands.[49][50][51]

On June 8, 2017 Russian hip-hop artist Timati gave a free concert in the square, which was attended by more than 40,000 people.[52]

On October 6, 2019 the Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren performed at the square as an opening act of the World Congress on Information Technology (WCIT).[53]

Political demonstrations
Soviet period

On April 24, 1965 large demonstrations took place in the square and elsewhere in Yerevan to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide.[54][55][56]

In January 1974 Razmik Zohrapyan, a member of the underground National United Party burned the portrait of Lenin at the square in protest of Soviet totalitarian rule.[57]

Demonstrations in Republic Square on April 20, 2018
Independent Armenia

Following the 2008 presidential election president-elect Serzh Sargsyan held a rally of 60,000–70,000 "would-be supporters" who were brought from different parts of Yerevan and Armenia in buses. Many of them headed towards Freedom Square where a competing rally was being held by Levon Ter-Petrosyan.[58] In March, following the violent crackdown of opposition demonstrations, the square was occupied for some time by the Armed Forces of Armenia.[59]

On May 4, 2012 during a Republican Party rally and concert at Republic Square in scope of the parliamentary election campaign, dozens of balloons filled with hydrogen exploded, resulting in the injury of at least 144 people.[60][61]

From April 17 to 23, 2018 large demonstrations took place at Republic Square led by Nikol Pashinyan against the government of newly-elected Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan. On April 22, when opposition leader Pashinyan was arrested, police forces were deployed in the square. Dozens of protesters were detained from the square.[62][63] By the evening, some 115,000 protesters filled the entire square and the nearby streets.[64] The next day, on April 23, after Sargsyan resigned, it became the center of mass celebrations.[65][66] On April 24, the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, dozens of protests came together to clean the square and its adjacent street.[67]

Other events

In 1968 the celebration of Yerevan's 2750th anniversary were staged on the square with extravagant celebrations.[39]

On June 25, 2016 Pope Francis and Karekin II held an ecumenical prayer at Republic Square.[68][69] It was attended by some 50,000 people.[70]

Panorama view
Panorama of the Republic Square
gollark: Well, I can't work out how to repeat the binding neatly yet.
gollark: * 1 10 mana
gollark: Muahahaha I can now obtain 20 mana while only buying 1 5 mana.
gollark: script < combinator hax
gollark: Now to generalize it so that I do not need to manually buy each one.

References
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  11. Travel to the USSR (92–103): iii. 1983. The city's architectural highlight is Lenin Square, with its statue of Lenin, Government House, the Armenia Hotel, the picture gallery and other buildings. The main streets branch out from Lenin Square. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Bibliography

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