Recycling in Brazil

Brazil's overall recycling rate (1%), according to Waste Atlas[1] is better than average, especially in larger cities such as Rio de Janeiro.[2] Overall, Brazilian recycling rates are fair, especially concerning paper, steel and aluminum, despite the fact that there are no structured municipal recycling programs.[2] Only 6.4% Brazilian Municipalities have official waste recycling programs.[3] The recovery of recyclable material is largely left to waste pickers, who earn a living by collecting recyclables and selling them to private recycling companies.[2]

Baled aluminum cans in Brazilian recycling facility

Main Leader Businesses in Brazil are taking a lead role in organizing recycling collection in the country's major cities.[4] In 1992, private companies from various areas (a.k.a. "heavy polluting companies") established the Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE), a nonprofit organization work for the promotion of recycling within the scope of comprehensive waste management as an initiative to build a better environmental image for their associates.[2][4][5] CEMPRE tries to increase the community's awareness of recycling and other solid waste issues through publications, technical research, seminars, and databases.[2][4][5]

Waste pickers
Waste picker

The collection of recyclable material in Brazil is largely from waste pickers.[2] Waste picking activities are supported by government. In Brazil, waste picking is now recognized as an occupation, and organized waste pickers are seen as legitimate stakeholders who can voice their opinions at the local, state, and national levels.[6]

A national program, named Integrated Solid Waste and Carbon Finance Project, is developing strategies for incorporating waste pickers into local waste management systems.[6] Organizing waste picking activities into recycling cooperatives has been one of CEMPRE's main activities as well.[4]

Materials
Sorted waste containers

In Brazil, the main materials for reprocessing are aluminum, steel, glass, paper and plastics.[7] They also recycle batteries, cooking oil, laminated material, refrigerators and so on.[7][8] The results of aluminum recycling are the most significant.[9]

Paper

In 2006, Brazil recycled 3.9 million tons, or 45 percent, of the paper materials produced that year.[2] Taking into consideration only the paper used in packaging, the recycling rate is even higher at 70 percent.[2] In Brazil, industries consume 2.8 million tonnes of recycled paper.[10] The paper recycling amount in Brazil varies greatly from area to area.[10] In the south and southeast area, rates of recycling are high, at 64% and 44% respectively; whereas it is 16% in other areas.[10]

Aluminum Cans

In 2005, the country managed to recycle an incredible 96 percent of the aluminum cans sold that year – almost 9.4 million cans.[2] Aluminum is collected and stored by a chain of about 2,000 scrap collectors.[11] 50% of the collectors are industries, and the others are supermarkets, schools, companies, and charitable entities.[11]

Steel Cans

In Brazil, just 5% of drink cans are made of steel.[12] In 2007, Brazil’s recycling rate for steel cans was 49 percent.[2] The total fraction of steel recycled in Brazil, including steel from old cars, household electronics, and building waste, is estimated to be 70%.[12]

Tires
Waste receptacle made from tires.

57% of the 260,000 tonnes of used tires estimated to be thrown away each year in Brazil were sent to cement ovens in Brazil.[13] In Brazil, used tires are applied to make artificial reefs in the sea, to increase fisheries production.[13] Energy can be recovered by burning the tires in controlled ovens, because each tire contains the energy of 9.4 liters of petroleum oil.[13]

Plastic

An average of 17.5% of all rigid and film plastic is recycled each year in Brazil.[14] 60% of the recycled plastic comes from industrial residue and 40% from urban refuse.[15]

Refrigerator

There is a comprehensive refrigerator recycling program in Brazil.[16] They recycle refrigerators and freezers in order to reduce potential global warming, because they contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are ozone layer depleting gases with extremely high global warming potential (GWP).[16]

gollark: So how do you solve this? Just have someone say "no phones for you if you ask for them too often"?
gollark: It's more efficient in terms of output things per input things.
gollark: You can't reasonably cater to every individual separately, because mass production is more efficient.
gollark: But what the people want is *to some extent* what gets produced, because if you don't produce things people want they won't buy it.
gollark: And the money can act as a decent signalling mechanism that you actually want something, like on Kickstarter and whatnot.

References
  1. Waste Atlas (2012). Country Data: BRAZIL
  2. Look, M. (2009) Trash Planet: Brazil (Web). Earth911.com. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  3. Ribeiro, H., Besen, G. R., Günther, W. R., Jacobi, P., and Demajorovic. 2005. Recycling Programs in partnership with scavenger associations as sustainability factor in metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil.
  4. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. How to Establish Recycling and Composting Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  5. "Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE)". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  6. Medina, M. 2008. The informal recycling sector in developing countries. GRIDLINES. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  7. Medina, H. V. 2008. Materials recycling: main trends of a new industrial sector in Brazil. Conference on resource efficiency. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  8. Unilever. 2010. Brazil: Recycling consumer waste. Retrieved 10 December 2014
  9. Tangri, N. 2001. Brazil & Recycling. GreenYes Archives. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  10. "Office paper - The market for recycling". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  11. "Aluminum cans - The recycling market". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  12. "Steel cans - The market for recycling". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  13. "Tires - The market for recycling". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  14. "Plastic film - The market for recycling". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  15. "Rigid plastic - The market for recycling". Brazilian Business Commitment for Recycling (CEMPRE). Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  16. Programme Proklima. Introduction of a comprehensive refrigerator recycling programme in Brazil. German Technical Cooperation. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
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