Raymond Williams

Raymond Henry Williams (31 August 1921 – 26 January 1988) was a Welsh Marxist theorist, academic, novelist and critic influential within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the media and literature made a marked contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts. Some 750,000 copies of his books were sold in UK editions alone[1] and there are many translations available. His work laid foundations for the field of cultural studies and cultural materialism.

Raymond Williams
Williams at Saffron Walden
Born
Raymond Henry Williams

(1921-08-31)31 August 1921
Llanvihangel Crucorney, Monmouthshire, Wales
Died26 January 1988(1988-01-26) (aged 66)
Saffron Walden, Essex, England
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolWestern Marxism
Notable studentsTerry Eagleton
Notable ideas
Cultural materialism
Mobile privatization

Life

Early life

Born in Llanfihangel Crucorney, near Abergavenny, Wales, Williams was the son of a railway worker in a village where all of the railwaymen voted Labour, while the local small farmers mostly voted Liberal.[2] It was not a Welsh-speaking area: he described it as "Anglicised in the 1840s".[3] There was, nevertheless, a strong Welsh identity. "There is the joke that someone says his family came over with the Normans and we reply: 'Are you liking it here?'".[4]

Williams attended King Henry VIII Grammar School in Abergavenny. His teenage years were overshadowed by the rise of Nazism and the threat of war. He was 14 when the Spanish Civil War broke out, and was conscious of what was happening through his membership of the local Left Book Club.[5] He also mentions the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China, originally published in Britain by the Left Book Club.[6] At this time, he was a supporter of the League of Nations, attending a League-organised youth conference in Geneva in 1937. On the way back, his group visited Paris and he went to the Soviet pavilion at the International Exhibition. There he bought a copy of The Communist Manifesto and read Karl Marx for the first time.[7]

University education

Williams attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. Along with Eric Hobsbawm, he was given the task of writing a Communist Party pamphlet about the Russo-Finnish War. He says in (Politics and Letters) that they "were given the job as people who could write quickly, from historical materials supplied for us. You were often in there writing about topics you did not know very much about, as a professional with words".[8] At the time, the British government was keen to support Finland in its war against the Soviet Union, while still being at war with Nazi Germany.

World War II

Williams interrupted his education to serve in World War II. In winter 1940, he enlisted in the British Army, but stayed at Cambridge to take his exams in June 1941, the same month that Germany invaded Russia. Joining the military was against the Communist party line at the time. According to Williams, his membership in the Communist Party lapsed without him ever formally resigning.[9]

When Williams joined the army, he was assigned to the Royal Corps of Signals, which was the typical assignment for university undergraduates. He received some initial training in military communications, but was then reassigned to artillery and anti-tank weapons. He was viewed as officer material and served as an officer in the Anti-Tank Regiment of the Guards Armoured Division in 1941–1945, being sent into the early fighting in the Invasion of Normandy after the Normandy Landings (D-Day). In Politics and Letters he writes, "I don't think the intricate chaos of that Normandy fighting has ever been recorded."[10] He commanded a unit of four tanks and mentions losing touch with two of them during fighting against Waffen-SS Panzer forces in the Bocage; he never discovered what happened to them, due to a withdrawal of the troops.

Williams was part of the fighting from Normandy in 1944 through Belgium and the Netherlands to Germany in 1945, where he was involved in the liberation of one of the smaller Nazi concentration camps, which was afterwards used to detain SS officers. He was also shocked to find that Hamburg had suffered saturation bombing by the Royal Air Force, not just of military targets and docks, as they had been told.

Graduate education and early publications

Williams received his MA from Cambridge in 1946 and then served as a tutor in adult education at the University of Oxford for several years.[11] In 1946, he founded the review Politics and Letters, a journal which he edited with Clifford Collins and Wolf Mankowitz until 1948. Williams published Reading and Criticism in 1950. In 1951 he was recalled to the army as a reservist to fight in the Korean War. He refused to go, registering as a conscientious objector.[12]

Inspired by T. S. Eliot's 1948 publication Notes towards the Definition of Culture, Williams began exploring the concept of culture. He first outlined his argument that the concept emerged with the Industrial Revolution in the essay "The Idea of Culture", which resulted in the widely successful book Culture and Society, published in 1958. This was followed in 1961 by The Long Revolution. Williams's writings were taken up by the New Left and received a wide readership. He was also well known as a regular book reviewer for the Manchester Guardian newspaper. His years in adult education were an important experience and Williams was always something of an outsider at Cambridge University. Asked to contribute to a book called My Cambridge, he began his essay by saying: "It was never my Cambridge. That was clear from the start."[13]

Academic career
Raymond Williams in 1972

On the strength of his books, Williams was invited to return to Cambridge in 1961, where he was elected a fellow of Jesus College, eventually becoming first Reader (1967–1974) then Professor of Drama (1974–1983).[14] He was a visiting professor of political science at Stanford University in 1973, an experience he used to effect in his still useful book Television: Technology and Cultural Form (1974). A committed socialist, he was interested in the relations between language, literature and society, and published many books, essays and articles on these and other issues. Among the main ones is The Country and the City (1973), where chapters on literature alternate with chapters on social history. His tightly written Marxism and Literature (1977) is mainly for specialists, but also sets out his approach to cultural studies, which he called cultural materialism. The book was in part a response to structuralism in literary studies and pressure on Williams to make a more theoretical statement of his position, against criticisms that it was a humanist Marxism, based on unexamined assumptions about lived experience. He makes much use of the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, though the book is uniquely Williams's and written in his characteristic voice. For a more accessible version, see Culture (1981/1982), which develops an argument about cultural sociology, which he hoped would become "a new major discipline".[15] Introducing the US edition, Bruce Robbins identifies it as "implicit self-critique" of Williams's earlier ideas, and a basis on which "to conceive the oppositionality of the critic in a permanently fragmented society".[16]

Concepts and theory

Vocabulary

Williams was keen to establish the changing meanings of the vocabulary used in discussions of culture. He began with the word culture itself; his notes on 60 significant, often difficult words were to have appeared as an appendix to Culture and Society in 1958. This was not possible, and so an extended version with notes and short essays on 110 words appeared as Keywords in 1976. Those examined included "aesthetic", "bourgeois", "culture", "hegemony", "isms", "organic", "romantic", "status", "violence" and "work". A revised version in 1983 added 21 new words, including "anarchism", "ecology", "liberation" and "sex". Williams wrote that The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) "is primarily philological and etymological," whilst his work was on "meanings and contexts".[17] In 1981, Williams published Culture, where the term, discussed at length, is defined as "a realized signifying system"[18] and supported by chapters on "the means of cultural production, and the process of cultural reproduction".[19]

Debate

Williams wrote critically of Marshall McLuhan's writings on technology and society. This is the background to a chapter in Television: Technology and Cultural Form (1974) called "The Technology and the Society", where Williams defended his visions against technological determinism, focusing on the prevalence of social over technological in the development of human processes. Thus "Determination is a real social process, but never (as in some theological and some Marxist versions)... a wholly controlling, wholly predicting set of causes. On the contrary, the reality of determination is the setting of limits and the exertion of pressures, within which variable social practices are profoundly affected but never necessarily controlled."[20]

His book Modern Tragedy may be read as a response to The Death of Tragedy by the conservative literary critic George Steiner. Later, Williams was interested in the work of Pierre Bourdieu, although he found it too pessimistic about the possibilities for social change.

Last years

By the 1970s, Williams was a Plaid Cymru member and a Welsh nationalist.[21] He retired from Cambridge in 1983 and spent his last years in Saffron Walden. While there he wrote Loyalties, a novel about a fictional group of upper-class radicals attracted to 1930s Communism.

Williams was working on People of the Black Mountains, an experimental historical novel about people who lived or might have lived around the Black Mountains, his own part of Wales, told through flashbacks featuring an ordinary man in modern times, looking for his grandfather, who has not returned from a hill-walk. He imagines the region as it was and might have been. The story begins in the Paleolithic, and would have come up to modern times, focusing on ordinary people. He had completed it to the Middle Ages by the time he died in 1988. The whole work was prepared for publication by his wife, Joy Williams, then published in two volumes with a postscript briefly describing what the remainder would have been. Almost all the stories were complete in typescript, mostly revised many times by the author. Only "The Comet" was left incomplete and needed small additions for a continuous narrative.

In the 1980s, Williams made important links to debates on feminism, peace, ecology and social movements, and extended his position beyond what might be recognised as Marxism. He concluded that with many different societies in the world, there would be not one, but many socialisms.

The Raymond Williams Society was founded in 1989 "to support and develop intellectual and political projects in areas broadly connected with Williams's work".[22] Since 1998 it has published Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism,[23] which is "committed to developing the tradition of cultural materialism" he originated. The Raymond Williams Centre for Recovery Research opened at Nottingham Trent University in 1995.[24] The Raymond Williams Foundation (RWF) supports activities in adult education.[25] A collaborative research project building on Williams's investigation of cultural keywords called the "Keywords Project", initiated in 2006, is supported by Jesus College, University of Cambridge, and the University of Pittsburgh.[26] Similar projects building on Williams's legacy include New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society, edited by the cultural-studies scholars Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, and Meaghan Morris, and Keywords for American Cultural Studies][27]

In 2007 a collection of Williams's papers was deposited at Swansea University by his daughter Merryn, herself a poet and author.[28][29]

Works

Novels
  • Border Country (Reprinted ed.). London: Hogarth. 1988 [First published 1960]. ISBN 9780701208073.
  • Second Generation (Reprint ed.). London: Hogarth Press. 1988 [First published 1964]. ISBN 9780701208080.
  • The Volunteers (Reprinted ed.). London: Hogarth. 1985 [First published 1978]. ISBN 9780701210168.
  • The Fight for Manod (Reprinted ed.). London: Hogarth. 1988 [First published 1979]. ISBN 9780701208097.
  • Loyalties. London: Chatto & Windus. 1985. ISBN 9780701128432.
  • People of the Black Mountains 1: The beginning. London: Chatto & Windus. 1989. ISBN 9780701128456.
  • People of the Black Mountains 2: The Eggs of the Eagle. London: Chatto & Windus. 1990. ISBN 9780701135645.

Literary and cultural studies
  • Reading and criticism. Man and Society Series. London: Frederick Muller. 1950. ASIN B0000CHNS9. OCLC 443166104.
  • Drama from Ibsen to Eliot (Revised ed.). London: Chatto and Windus. 1968 [First published 1952]. OCLC 439658303.
  • Williams, Raymond; Orrom, Michael (1954). Preface to film. London: Film Drama Limited. OCLC 982198642.
  • Culture and Society (New ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 1963 [First published 1958]. OCLC 654385116. – new edition with new introduction
  • The Long Revolution. Penguin: Harmondsworth. 1965 [First published 1961]. OCLC 876423987. – reissued with additional footnotes
  • Communications (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 1973 [First published 1962]. ISBN 9780140208313. – translated into Spanish
  • The existing alternatives in communication. Socialism in the Sixties. London: Fabian Society. 1962. OCLC 81185356. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Modern tragedy (Rev. ed.). London: Verso Editions. 1979 [First published 1966]. ISBN 9780860917113. – new edition, without play Koba and with new afterword
  • Hall, S.; Williams, R.; Thompson, E. P., eds. (1967). New Left May Day manifesto. London: May Day Manifesto Committee. OCLC 264038990.
  • May Day Manifesto: 1968 (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1968. OCLC 490859142.
  • Drama in performance (Rev. ed.). Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 1991 [First published 1954]. ISBN 9780335096589.
  • Drama from Ibsen to Brecht (3rd imprint ed.). London: Hogarth Press. 1993 [First published 1961]. ISBN 9780701210281.
  • Williams, Raymond, ed. (1973) [First published 1969]. The Pelican Book of English prose. Vol. 2, From 1780 to the present day. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 750728593.
  • The English novel from Dickens to Lawrence (Reprint ed.). London: Hogarth. 1984 [First published 1970]. ISBN 9780701205584.
  • Orwell. Fontana Modern Masters (3rd ed.). London: Fontana. 1991 [First published 1971]. ISBN 9780006862277.
  • Williams, R. (November–December 1973). "Base and superstructure in Marxist cultural theory". New Left Review. I (82).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • The Country and the City. Nottingham, England: Spokesman Books. 2011 [First published 1973]. ISBN 9780851247991. – translated into Spanish and Portuguese
  • Williams, Joy; Williams, Raymond, eds. (1973). D.H. Lawrence on education. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Education. ISBN 9780140812022.
  • George Orwell: a collection of critical essays. Twentieth Century Views. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1974. ISBN 9780136477013.
  • 'Williams, Raymond (2003) [First published 1971]. Williams, Ederyn (ed.). Television technology and cultural form. Technosphere Series (Routledge classicsO ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415314565. – translated into Chinese (Taiwan's complex characters), Italian, Korean and Swedish
  • Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana Communications Series. London: Routledge. 2011 [First published 1976]. ISBN 9780203124949.
  • Axton, Marie; Williams, Raymond, eds. (2010) [First published 1977]. English drama: forms and development: essays in honour of Muriel Clara Bradbrook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521142557.
  • Marxism and literature. Marxist Introductions Series. Toronto: Oxford University Press. 1977. ISBN 9780198760610. – translated into Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Korean
  • Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review. London: Verso. 1981 [First published 1979]. ISBN 9780860917359.
  • Problems in materialism and culture: selected essays. London: Verso. 1997 [First published 1980]. ISBN 9781859841136. – reissued as Culture and materialism: selected essays (New ed.). London: Verso. 2010 [First published 2005]. ISBN 9781844676637.
  • Culture, Fontana New Sociology Series, Glasgow, Collins, 1981. US edition, The Sociology of Culture, New York, Schocken, 1982 – translated into Spanish
  • Rossi-Landi, Ferruccio; et al. (1981). William, Raymond (ed.). Contact: human communication and its history. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500012390.
  • Socialism and ecology. London: Socialist Environment and Resources Associated. 1983. OCLC 10043180.
  • Cobbett. Past Masters series (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1983. ISBN 9780192875754.
  • Towards 2000. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1985 [First published 1981]. ISBN 9780140225341.
  • Writing in society. London: Verso. 1983. ISBN 9780860910725.
  • Williams, Merryn; Williams, Raymond, eds. (1986). John Clare: selected poetry and prose (1st ed.). London: Methuen. ISBN 9780416411201.
  • O'Connor, Alan, ed. (2011) [First published 1988]. Raymond Williams on television: selected writings. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415509299.
  • What I came to say. London: Cornerstone Digital. 2013 [First published 1989]. ISBN 9781473505032.
  • Resources of Hope: Culture, Democracy, Socialism. London: Verso. 1989.
  • The Politics of Modernism. Against the New Conformists. London: Verso. 1989. – translated into Spanish
  • Higgins, John, ed. (2001). The Raymond Williams reader. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631213116.
  • Milner, Andrew, ed. (2010). Tenses of imagination: Raymond Williams on science fiction, utopia and dystopia. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783039118267.

Short stories
  • "Red Earth", Cambridge Front, No. 2, 1941
  • "Sack Labourer", English Short Story 1, W. Wyatt, ed., London: Collins, 1941
  • "Sugar", R. Williams, M. Orrom and M. J. Craig, eds, Outlook: a Selection of Cambridge Writings, Cambridge, 1941, pp. 7–14
  • "This Time", New Writing and Daylight, No. 2, 1942–1943, J. Lehmann, ed., London: Collins, 1943, pp. 158–64.
  • "A Fine Room to be Ill In", English Story 8, W. Wyatt (ed.), London, 1948.
  • "The Writing on the Wall", Colours of a New Day: Writing for South Africa, Sarah Lefanu and Stephen Hayward, eds, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990

Drama
  • Koba (1966), Modern Tragedy, London, Chatto and Windus
  • A Letter from the Country, BBC Television, April 1966, Stand, 12(1971), pp. 17–34
  • Public Enquiry, BBC Television, 15 March 1967, Stand, 9 (1967), pp. 15–53

Introductions
gollark: I disagree on ethical grounds with 94% of all modern web design.
gollark: Me, just look at osmarks.net.
gollark: I always love the latest wildly unstable version of things.
gollark: Of course!
gollark: Its 1500-line main file is so me.

See also

References
  1. Williams (1979)
  2. Smith (2008), p. 16
  3. Williams (1979), p. 25
  4. Williams (1979), p. 36
  5. Williams (1979), p. 32
  6. Williams (1979), p. 31
  7. Smith (2008), p. 72
  8. Williams (1979), p. 43
  9. Williams (1979), p. 52
  10. Williams (1979), p. 56
  11. Williams (1979), p. 12.
  12. Fred Inglis (1995). Raymond Williams. Psychology Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-0-415-08960-9.
  13. My Cambridge, ed. Ronald Hayman, 2nd ed., London: Robson Books, 1986, p. 55.
  14. J. P. Ward, Raymond Williams, p. 8.
  15. Williams (1981), p. 233
  16. Bruce Robbins, "Foreword", The Sociology of Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. xi.
  17. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, London: Fontana/Croom Helm, 1976, p. 16.
  18. Williams (1981), p. 207
  19. Williams (1981), p. 206
  20. Williams, Raymond (1974). Television: Technology and Cultural Form. London and New York: Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-31456-5. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Plaid Cymru site.
  22. Official Raymond Williams website
  23. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. .
  27. edited by Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler.
  28. CREW Archived 5 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  29. Raymond Williams Society Newsletter Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Sources
  • Smith, Dai (2008). Raymond Williams: a Warrior's Tale. Parthian Books. ISBN 9781905762996.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Williams, Raymond (1979). Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review. London: New Left Books. ISBN 978-0860910008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Williams, Raymond (1981). Culture. London: Fontana.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

Book-length treatments
  • Maria Elisa Cevasco, Para ler Raymond Williams (Portuguese of To Read Raymond Williams) São Paulo, Paz e Terra, 2001
  • Eagleton, Terry, editor. Raymond Williams: Critical Perspectives. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1989
  • J. E. T. Ethridge, Raymond Williams: Making Connections. New York: Routledge, 1994
  • Jan Gorak, The Alien Mind of Raymond Williams. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1988
  • John Higgins, Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism. London and New York, Routledge, 1999
  • Fred Inglis, Raymond Williams. London and New York: Routledge, 1995
  • Paul Jones, "Raymond Williams's Sociology of Culture: A Critical Reconstruction". London: Palgrave, 2004
  • David Lusted, ed., Raymond Williams: Film, TV, Culture, London: British Film Institute, 1989
  • Don Milligan, Raymond Williams: Hope and Defeat in the Struggle for Socialism, Studies in Anti-Capitalism, 2007
  • Andrew Milner, Re-Imagining Cultural Studies: The Promise of Cultural Materialism, London: Sage, 2002
  • Alan O'Connor, Raymond Williams: Writing, Culture, Politics. Oxford and New York: Blackwell, 1989
  • Alan O'Connor, Raymond Williams. Critical Media Studies. Rowman and Littlefield, 2005
  • Tony Pinkney, ed., Raymond Williams. Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, UK: Seren Books, 1991
  • Politics and Letters (London, New Left Books, 1979) gives the author's own account of his life and work.
  • Dai Smith, Raymond Williams: A Warrior's Tale. Cardigan: Parthian, 2008
  • Nick Stevenson, Culture, Ideology, and Socialism: Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995
  • Nicolas Tredell, Uncancelled Challenge: the work of Raymond Williams. Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 1990. ISBN 0-946650-16-0
  • J. P. Ward, Raymond Williams in the Writers of Wales series. University of Wales Press, 1981
  • Daniel Williams, ed., Who Speaks for Wales?: Nation, Culture, Identity, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003
  • Stephen Woodhams, History in the Making: Raymond Williams, Edward Thompson and Radical Intellectuals 1936–1956, Merlin Press 2001 ISBN 978-0850364941
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