Rauf Orbay

Hüseyin Rauf Orbay (27 July 1881 – 16 July 1964) was an Ottoman-born Turkish naval officer, statesman and diplomat.

Hüseyin Rauf Orbay
3rd Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly
In office
12 July 1922 – 4 August 1923
Preceded byFevzi Çakmak
Succeeded byAli Fethi Okyar
Personal details
Born
Hüseyin Rauf

(1881-07-27)27 July 1881
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died16 July 1964(1964-07-16) (aged 82)
Istanbul, Turkey
Political partyProgressive Republican Party (1923–1924)
Alma materTurkish Naval Academy
AwardsMedal of Independence
Military service
Nickname(s)Hero of Hamidiye
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
Branch/service Ottoman Navy
Years of service1895–1918
RankColonel
CommandsOttoman cruiser Hamidiye
Battles/warsBalkan Wars
World War I

Biography
An image of Rauf Orbay in naval uniform.

Hüseyin Rauf was born in Constantinople in 1881 to an Abkhazian family.[1] As an officer in the Ottoman Navy, he achieved fame for his actions as the captain of the cruiser Hamidiye during the First Balkan War.[2] He was Chief of Naval Staff during World War I and by October 1918 was Minister of Marine and led the delegation that signed the Armistice of Mudros.[3] Rauf Orbay also played a role in assisting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in a near court-martial during a feud with Djemal Pasha and Enver Pasha.[4] On 31 October 1918, he signed the Armistice of Mudros as the Minister of Navy, which ended the Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I. When the Turkish War of Independence began, he resigned from his position and went to Ankara to collaborate with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was elected as a member of the representative committee in the Congress of Erzurum on 23 July 1919. He joined the Congress of Sivas as a delegate for Sivas on 4 September 1919 and was elected deputy chairman.

When the War of Independence ended he became the first Prime Minister of the new provisional Government of the Grand National Assembly on 11 August 1922. In 1924, he was one of the founders of the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Progressive Republican Party) at the request of Atatürk as part of Atatürk's attempt to begin the tradition of multiparty democracy in the young Republic, in opposition to Atatürk's Republican People's Party. When this party was closed down in 1925 after Atatürk found that Islamist reactionaries had infiltrated its ranks, Rauf went to exile in Europe for 10 years. Later, he was cleared of all accusations and became a member of the Turkish parliament. During World War II, Rauf Orbay was the Turkish ambassador in London,[5] helping keep Turkey out of the war. He always firmly believed in the Republic of Turkey and always stated that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the only person who could have organised and lead the transformation of the crumbling Ottoman Empire into modern Turkey.

Autobiography
  • Cehennem Değirmeni ("Windmill of Hell"), Emre Publishing, September 1993[6]
gollark: It's really only my internet connection which undergoes cryoapions.
gollark: It was a very strange day. Anyway, my 11-year-old inconsistently backuped HP tower server physically cannot fail.
gollark: Also clouds that other time.
gollark: That is what I said.
gollark: <@319753218592866315> Produce the Macron esolang with immediate effect.

References
  1. Berzeg, S.E. (1990). Türkiye Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Çerkes göçmenleri. Nart Yayıncılık. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  2. Huseyin Ra'uf Orbey, W.M. Hale,The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, (Brill, 1995), 174.
  3. Huseyin Ra'uf Orbey, W.M. Hale,The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, 174.
  4. Mango, Andrew (1999). Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 171. ISBN 1-58567-011-1.
  5. Selim Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality, (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 206 n48.
  6. Book summaries (in Turkish)
  • Rauf Orbay, Siyasi Hatiralar, Örgün Yayinevi, İstanbul, 2003.
  • Family knowledge.
Political offices
Preceded by
Fevzi Çakmak		 Prime Minister of Turkey
12 July 1922 – 4 August 1923		 Succeeded by
Ali Fethi Okyar
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