Pyramid schemes in Albania

Pyramid schemes in Albania were Ponzi schemes that precipitated the 1997 unrest in Albania. Former economic advisor of Prime Minister Fatos Nano was arrested [1] and imprisoned [2] for his opposition to these schemes.

Part of the
Albanian Civil War
Fighting groups
Gangs of 1997
Massacres in 1997
Tragedies of 1997
Treasury thefts
  • Krraba Stealing
  • Stealing of Northern State Treasury
Rescue missions
UN Resolutions
Important events
See also

Pyramid schemes of 1997

The unrest of the year 1997 came as a tragic consequence of the bankruptcy of some 25 firms. The face value of the schemes' liabilities totaled $1.2 billion.[3]

Sudja

This firm was established in 1993 by Maksude Kadëna, also known as Sudja,[4] who had worked in a shoe factory. Strangely, when Sudja was arrested she was living in a dilapidated apartment complex.[4] The collapse triggered several protests in Tirana, which was also its area of operation.

Vefa

Vefa Holding was the main pyramid firm. It was created in 1994 by Vehbi Alimuça and spread across the country. Vefa invested in various fields of economy such as hotels, fuel, stores and factories. Best known is the bomb assassination a few weeks before the elections of 26 May 1996 to Vefa's supermarket in downtown Tirana. Vefa was often seen as the firm's rentier PD. It went bankrupt in 1998, while its president was in prison.

Gjallica

The Gjallica firm was created by three former State Security effective originating from Kukes. President of the company was Shemsie Kadria. Gjallica had its centre in Vlora. The firm went bankrupt on February 5, 1997, prompting violent protests in Vlora, which later turned into rebellion against the government.

People's Democracy-Xhaferri

This firm was established in 1995 and began to extend its activities in the villages of Lushnja, Fier and Berat. Officially it was a "foundation" but in fact became one of the most severe pyramidal firms in the country. Its leader, Rrapush Xhaferri, was arrested on January 22, 1997, which triggered violent demonstrations in Lushnje January 24–25.

Populli

This Populli (English: People) firm was created on July 16, 1996 and was extended in the same area as the Xhaferri. Its President was Bashkim Driza the former State Security agent. He worked deeply with the Albanian opposition parties and financed their campaigns and newsletters. During the riots of 1997, he left with a U.S. helicopter.

Full list of Albanian pyramid schemes
  • Populli
  • Demokracia Popullore-Xhaferri
  • Kamberi
  • Cenaj
  • Silva
  • Malvasia
  • Kambo
  • Grunjasi
  • Dypero
  • Bashkimi
  • Beno
  • Pogoni
  • B&G
  • Kobuzi
  • Arkond
  • Adelin
  • A.Delon
  • Agi
  • M.Leka Company
  • Global Limited Co.
  • Çashku

The nine major pyramid firms in relation with creditors
CompanyNo. of Creditors
Gjallica8,632
VEFA59,005
Cenaj19,078
Kamberi13,241
Sude12,991
Beno10,793
Silva4,490
M.Leka2,464
Global1,793
Total132,487
gollark: So the design of the new bridge system has been going surprisingly smoothly. I really should have not discarded this idea earlier.
gollark: This should actually allow me to remote the restriction on outbound calls, fun.
gollark: I'm implementing rate limits.
gollark: And the bridging protocol MAY be utterly complicated.
gollark: This is planned, although it will have to be limited-access and no SPUDNET.

References
  1. Rexhina Nano (2008). Të jetosh kohën. Botimet DUDAJ. p. 123.
  2. Jeffries, Ian (1996). A Guide to the Economies in Transition. p. 379. ISBN 0-415-13684-9.
  3. "Finance & Development, March 2000 - The Rise and Fall of Albania's Pyramid Schemes". Imf.org. 2000-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  4. Glauber, Bill (23 February 1997). "It's bad in Albania and it's about to get worse Failed pyramid deals spread fear, unrest". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 27 August 2012.

Other sources
  • "Rënia e Demokracisë", Afrim Krasniqi, 1998, Eurorilindja
  • "Unë e pashë kush e dogji Vlorën", Gëzim Zilja, 2000, Pelioni
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