Pupilla

Pupilla is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pupillidae.

Pupilla
Temporal range: Oligocene–Holocene
A right side view of a live Pupilla muscorum
Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Orthurethra
Superfamily:
Pupilloidea
Family:
Pupillidae
Genus:
Pupilla

Shells of Pupilla species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the Oligocene until the Holocene period.[2]

Distribution

This genus occurs in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America.[3]

Species

Pupilla has several subgenera. Species within the genus Pupilla include:

subgenus Pupilla

subgenus Gibbulinopsis

    subgenus ?

    • Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837)[3]
    • Pupilla annandalei Pilsbry[4]
    • Pupilla calacharicus (Boettger, 1886)
    • Pupilla ficulnea (Tate, 1894)[5]
    • Pupilla fontana (Krauss, 1848)
    • Pupilla khunjerabica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla loessica Ložek, 1954[6]
    • Pupilla obliquicosta Smith, 1892 - extinct[7]
    • Pupilla paraturcmenica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla pupula[8]
    • Pupilla satparanica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla signata (Mousson)[4]
    • Pupilla sonorana (Sterki, 1899) - three-tooth column
    • Pupilla sterrii (Forster & Voith, 1840)[3]
    • Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry, 1890) - top-heavy column
    • Pupilla tetrodus (Boettger, 1870)
    • Pupilla turcmenica (O. Boettger)[4]
    • Pupilla ziaratana Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    gollark: The rockets are quite expensive, though, so the obvious solution is to have cheaper externally propelled vehicle things launched from the ground.
    gollark: But several hours to go across the country is still quite significant, and if your passenger transport system cannot be used as a weapon of mass destruction it is not very good, so the obvious solution is ridiculously expensive rocket-based travel.
    gollark: But rail would be quite fast, possibly cheaper if you ignore the huge initial investment, and could ship cargo!
    gollark: Consider: interstate travel by road is quite slow, thus making the US significantly more divided. Airports are faster, but also more expensive and not good for bulk goods, plus security queues make things slower.
    gollark: Small brain: interstate highway system.Large brain: airports everywhere or something.Large glowy brain or something: interstate high-speed maglev railway.Galaxy brain: interstate suborbital rocket system.Transcendent universe brain: interstate passenger railgun.

    References
    1. Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).
    2. (in Czech) Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.
    3. "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.
    4. Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.
    5. Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
    6. (in Czech) Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.
    7. Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
    8. Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
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