Pupilla

Pupilla is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pupillidae.

Pupilla
Temporal range: Oligocene–Holocene
A right side view of a live Pupilla muscorum
Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Orthurethra
Superfamily:
Pupilloidea
Family:
Pupillidae
Genus:
Pupilla

Shells of Pupilla species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the Oligocene until the Holocene period.[2]

Distribution

This genus occurs in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America.[3]

Species

Pupilla has several subgenera. Species within the genus Pupilla include:

subgenus Pupilla

subgenus Gibbulinopsis

    subgenus ?

    • Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837)[3]
    • Pupilla annandalei Pilsbry[4]
    • Pupilla calacharicus (Boettger, 1886)
    • Pupilla ficulnea (Tate, 1894)[5]
    • Pupilla fontana (Krauss, 1848)
    • Pupilla khunjerabica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla loessica Ložek, 1954[6]
    • Pupilla obliquicosta Smith, 1892 - extinct[7]
    • Pupilla paraturcmenica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla pupula[8]
    • Pupilla satparanica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    • Pupilla signata (Mousson)[4]
    • Pupilla sonorana (Sterki, 1899) - three-tooth column
    • Pupilla sterrii (Forster & Voith, 1840)[3]
    • Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry, 1890) - top-heavy column
    • Pupilla tetrodus (Boettger, 1870)
    • Pupilla turcmenica (O. Boettger)[4]
    • Pupilla ziaratana Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009[4]
    gollark: Turn it on and on again.
    gollark: cthulu.lua is a virtual file, so it may not be deletable.
    gollark: PotatOS can be nested fine.
    gollark: <@157279244962103296> How is that devilious?
    gollark: <@157279244962103296> Thanks to potatOS sandboxing that only wipes your own files.

    References
    1. Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).
    2. (in Czech) Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.
    3. "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.
    4. Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.
    5. Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
    6. (in Czech) Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.
    7. Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
    8. Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
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