Proto-Siraya language

The Proto-Siraya language (PS) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Sirayaic languages, one of the sub-branches under the Austronesian languages. Both Blust (1999) and Li (2010) considers Proto-Siraya belongs to East Formosan languages, along with Kavalanic and Amis languages[1][2].

Proto-Siraya includes at least three languages: Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao. Li claimed Proto-Siraya might have split from the other East Formosan languages around 3,500 years ago, and began to develop nowadays Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao 3,000 years ago[2].

Classification

Raleigh Farrell (1971) believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time[3]:

  • Siraya
  • Tevorang-Taivuan
  • Takaraian (now classified as Makatao)
  • Pangsoia-Dolatok (now classified as Makatao)
  • Longkiau (now classified as Makatao)

Based on the latest corpora, Li (2010) attempted two classification trees[2] for Sirayaic languages:

1. Tree based on the number of phonological innovations

2. Tree based on the relative chronology of sound changes

Reconstruction

Adelaar published his reconstruction of Proto-Siraya phonology in 2014[4]:

Proto-Siraya Consonants (Adelaar, 2014)
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Unvoiced stop p t k
Voiced stop b d
Nasal m n ŋ
Unvoiced spirants s h
Voiced spirants v ð ɣ
Lateral r, ł
Semivowels w y
Proto-Siraya Vowels (Adelaar, 2014)
Height Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ə
Open a

Sound changes

Based on the comparison of the available corpora, Adelaar (2014) proposed a summary of sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Siraya[4], comapared with Siraya or Taivoan in the 17th century, accompanied with the other three East Formosan languages, Basay, Kavalan, and Amis, proposed by Li (2004)[5]:

Proto-Austronesian Proto-Siraya Siraya (UM) Siraya or Taivoan (Gospel) Basay Kavalan Amis
*p *p p p p p p
*t, *C *t t t t t t
*c --
*k *k k k k, h /_a k, q k
*q Ø Ø Ø Q
*b *b b/v b/v b b f
*d *ð s/d, -s-, -s d/r, -r-, -r/d
*-D -- r, l z d
*z *d d d r, l z d
*j *n n n n n n
*g --
*m *m m m m m m
*n *n n n n n n
*ñ ?*n n n n n d
*ŋ *ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
*h Ø Ø Ø h, ?
*S *s Ø, -s- Ø, -h- s s s
*s *s s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø c s c
*R *x x h/Ø-, -h/Ø-, -x r, l r, l, R l
*l *r r r c r, l, R l
*r --
*N *ł l l n n d
*w *w, *u w w w w v
*y *y y y y y y
*a *a a a a a, i / *q a
*ə *ə Ø Ø
*i *i i, -i/e i, -i/e i i i
*u *u u u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw u u u

Comparison chart

Below is a chart comparing list of numbers of 1-10 in Sirayaic languages, including different dialects of Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao language, spoken from Tainan to Pingtung in southwestern Taiwan, and from Hualian to Taitung in eastern Taiwan[6]:

Austronesian List of Numbers 1-10 Dialects Autonym 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Proto-Austronesian *əsa

*isa

 *duSa *təlu *Səpat *lima *ənəm *pitu *walu *Siwa *(sa-)puluq
Proto-Siraya *saat *ðusa *turu *səpat *rǐma *nəm *pitu *kuixpa *ma-tuda *saat ki tian
17th century Siraya Utrecht[note 1] -- saat sa-soa tu-turo pa-xpat ri-rima ni-nam pi-pito kuxipat matuda keteang
Siraya (arguably) Gospel[note 2] -- saat ruha turu xpat rima nom pitu kuixpa matuda kitian
20th century Siraya Kongana[note 3] Siraiya sasaat duha turu tapat tu-rima tu-num pitu pipa kuda keteng
Siraya (arguably) Moatao[note 4] Siraiya isa rusa tao usipat hima lomu pitu vao siva masu
Taivoan Suannsamna[note 5] -- sa'a zua to'o sipat

gaspa

 urima urumu upitu uwaru hsiya --
Taivoan Siaolin[note 6] Taibowan tsaha

saka

 ruha

luha

 tohu paha'

limta

 hima lom

lanlan

 kito kipa matuha

matsuha

 kaipien

kaitian

Taivoan Dazhuang[note 7] Taivoan

Taiburan

 tsatsa'a raruha tato'o tapat tarima tanum tyausen rapako ravasen kaiten
Makatao Laopi[note 8] Makatao saka bailung kutung lumta rima langalan kimseng kalasin kabaitya kaiten
Makatao Kanapo[note 9] -- na-saad ra-ruha ra-ruma ra-sipat ra-lima ra-hurum ra-pito ra-haru ra-siwa ra-kaitian
Makatao Bankim[note 10] -- saat laluha taturu hapat lalima anum papitu -- tuda saatitin

Notes
  1. Attested in the Utrecht Manuscripts written in the 17th century.
  2. Attested in the Gospel of St. Matthew in the 17th century, which Li (2010) regards as Taivoan language along with Moatao dialect, rather than Siraya.
  3. Attested and recorded in Kongana (崗仔林), a Siraya community in nowadays Zuojhen, Tainan.
  4. Investigated and recorded by Ino. Kanori in Moatao (麻豆), a Siraya community located in nowadays Madou, Tainan.
  5. Investigated by Ino, Kanori in Suannsamna (山杉林), a Sia-urie-Taivoan community located in nowadays Shanlin, Kaohsiung.
  6. Including vocabulary attested in Siaolin (小林) and Alikuan (阿里關), as the Taivoan people emigrated from Alikuan to Siaolin only in the late 19th century and have had very close relationship with each other. Both of the communities belong to Tevorangh-Taivoan.
  7. Attested in Dazhuang (大庄), a community in Hualian, founded by mainly Taivoan people immigrated from Siaolin and Laulong, and also by some Makatao people and very few Siraya people in the 19th century.
  8. Investigated in Marun or Laopi (老埤) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Neipu, Pingtung.
  9. Investigated and recorded in Kanapo (加蚋埔) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Gaoshu, Pingtung.
  10. Investigated in Bankim (萬金), a Makatao community located in nowadays Wanluan, Pingtung, in the late 19th century by Steere.


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References
  1. Blust, Robert (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives. 26: 46067.
  2. Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: 前衛出版. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4.
  3. Ferrell, Raleigh (1971). "Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains". Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology. 32: 217–235.
  4. Adelaar, Alexander (2014). Proto Siraya Phonology: A Reconstruction. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale.
  5. Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). Origins of the East Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
  6. Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Ysunekazu (1991). Linguistic materials of the Formosan sinicized populations I: Siraya and Basai. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics.
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