Priestly Blessing

The Priestly Blessing or priestly benediction, (Hebrew: ברכת כהנים‎; translit. birkat kohanim), also known in rabbinic literature as raising of the hands (Hebrew nesiat kapayim)[1] or rising to the platform (Hebrew aliyah ledukhan)[2] or dukhanen (Yiddish from the Hebrew word dukhan – platform – because the blessing is given from a raised rostrum) or duchanning,[3] is a Hebrew prayer recited by Kohanim (the Hebrew Priests, descendants of Aaron). The text of the blessing is found in Numbers 6:23–27.

Priestly Blessing
Large crowds congregate on Passover at the Western Wall to receive the priestly blessing.
Halakhic texts relating to this article
Torah:Numbers 6:23–27
Shulchan Aruch:Orach Chayim 128–130

According to the Torah,[4] Aaron blessed the people,[5] and YHWH[6] promises that "I will place my name on their hands" (the Kohanim's hands) "and bless them" (the Jews receiving the blessing).[7] The Jewish Sages stressed that although the priests are the ones carrying out the blessing, it is not them or the ceremonial practice of raising their hands that results in the blessing, but rather it is God's desire that His blessing should be symbolised by the Kohanim's hands.

Even after the destruction of the second Hebrew Temple in Jerusalem, the practice has been continued in Jewish synagogues, and today in most Jewish communities, Kohanim bless the worshippers in the synagogue during special Jewish prayer services.

Biblical source and text
The Silver Scroll (2nd scroll), an amulet from the First Temple period containing the Priestly Blessing, on display at the Israel Museum. The scroll is the earliest known artifact written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.

Leviticus 9:22 and Deuteronomy 10:8 and 21:5 mention Aaron or the other priests blessing the Israelites.

The text to be used for the blessing is specified in Numbers 6:24–26:

[May] Adonai bless you, and guard you –
יְבָרֶכְךָ יהוה, וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ‎
(Yevhārēkh-khā Adhōnāy veyishmerēkhā ...)
[May] Adonai make His face shine unto you, and be gracious to you –
יָאֵר יהוה פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וִיחֻנֶּךָּ‎
("Yāʾēr Adhōnāy pānāw ēlekhā viḥunnékkā ...)
[May] Adonai lift up His face unto you, and give to you peace –
יִשָּׂא יהוה פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם‎
("Yissā Adhōnāy pānāw ēlekhā veyāsēm lekhā shālōm.")

This is the oldest known Biblical text that has been found; amulets with these verses written on them have been found in graves at Ketef Hinnom, dating from the First Temple Period.

Various interpretations of these verses connect them to the three Patriarchs; Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, or to three attributes of God: Mercy, Courage, and Glory.

Use of the Blessing to ward off evil
Blessing gesture depicted on the gravestone of Rabbi and Kohen Meschullam Kohn (1739–1819).

Extrabiblical evidence such as the two silver Iron Age amulets found at Ketef Hinnom, contemporary Phoenician and Punic amulets and bands, and blessing inscriptions from the southern Levant have shown that the language of the Priestly Blessing derived from a broader tradition of apotropaic text, which was often inscribed on metal and worn in order to provide protection against evil.

Versions of the blessing are often found in mortuary and cultic contexts, and anticipate early Jewish commentaries that relate the blessing to death. Although specific words in the Priestly Blessing are commonly found in the Bible, the syntactic sequences in which they occur suggest parallels not to other biblical passages, but to blessing inscriptions from late Iron Age southern Levant. In particular, it has been suggested that the enigmatic instruction to "put [Yhwh's] name on the Israelites" in Numbers 6:27 reflects an ancient practice of physically wearing the deity's name and blessing for protection against evil.[8]

In Hebrew law and custom

Details of the Priestly Blessing
  • Only Kohanim (males aged 13 or older, in direct patrilineal descent from Aaron) may perform the Priestly Benediction. And the blessing should be performed only in the presence of a minyan – even if the Kohanim themselves must be included for a total of ten.[9]
  • The Kohen may not recite the blessing while under the influence of alcohol,[10] or in the period immediately following the death of a close relative.[11]
  • All Kohanim present are obligated to participate, unless disqualified in some way.[12] If a Kohen does not wish to participate, he must leave the sanctuary for the duration of the blessing. A Kohen may be disqualified by, e.g., having imbibed too much alcohol, having a severe speech impediment, blindness, having taken a human life, having married a disqualifying wife (such as a divorcee), or the recent death of a close relation.[13]
  • A Kohen who is on bad terms with the congregation or who is unwilling to perform the ritual should not perform it.[14]
  • It is customary that, once the Kohanim are assembled on the platform, the cantor or prayer leader will prompt them by reciting each word of the blessing and the Kohanim will then repeat that word. This custom is especially followed if only one Kohen is available to give the blessing. Apparently this prompting is done to avoid errors or embarrassment if any of the Kohanim should be ignorant of the words of the recitation. However, if there are a number of kohanim, they may say the first word of the blessing ("Yevarekhekha") without the prompting, presumably to demonstrate their familiarity with the ritual.[15]
  • If the prayer leader is a Kohen himself, he does not prompt the other Kohanim in the blessing. Instead, a non-Kohen is designated with that task, and the leader remains silent.[16]
  • The Mishnah advises that a person who is troubled by a dream should reflect on it when the Kohanim recite their blessing. This practice is still done in many Orthodox communities.[17] It is also recited at bedtime.[18] Both uses derive from the Song of Songs 3:7–8, telling of 60 armed guards surrounding Solomon's bedchamber to protect him from "night terrors"; the 60 letters in the Hebrew text of the Priestly Blessing similarly defend against night terrors.
  • In many communities, it is customary for congregants to spread their tallitot over their own heads during the blessing and not look at the Kohanim. If a man has children, they will come under his tallit to be blessed, even if they are quite old. The (unattributed) basis of this custom is to emphasize the spiritual aspect of the blessing over the role of the Kohanim themselves; as per the scriptural verse, the Kohanim are simply a vehicle for the expression of the blessing, when they "place My name upon the children of Israel".
  • A tradition common among Ashkenazim rests on the basis that during the recital of this blessing the Shekhinah becomes present where the kohanim have their hands in the "shin" gesture, so that gazing there would be harmful.[19]
  • In the case where no Kohanim are present in the synagogue (but there still is a minyan), the hazzan will read the prayer verse by verse, and the congregation will respond after each verse with "ken yehi ratzon" (May it be God's Will). This response is used instead of "Amen", because the hazzan is merely "mentioning" the blessing, essentially quoting it rather than actually performing the ritual.[20] However, some congregations (including Chabad) do indeed respond "Amen". This response is also employed on days and times when the Amidah is repeated but the Kohanim do not recite the priestly blessing.[21] However, according to Abudirham, since the Priestly Blessing is not a conventional benediction (that would begin with "Blessed are You ..."), but rather a prayer for peace, ken yehi ratzon is the more appropriate response at all times.[22]

Other uses of the text
  • The text of the Priestly Blessing is also used by Jewish parents to bless their children on Friday night before the Shabbat meal. It is usually prefaced, for boys with a request for God to make the children like the sons of Joseph—Ephraim and Manasseh—who are remembered because they never fought with each other, according to tradition. For girls the traditional request is God to make them like Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah, the Matriarchs of the Jewish people. Similarly, some rabbis will say the blessing to a boy at his bar mitzvah or to a girl at her bat mitzvah.
  • It also may be said before a long journey, and some people will write it out and wear/keep it as an amulet.[23] It is often used in the liturgy as the first section of Torah to be read in the morning after reciting the blessing before studying Torah.

Times performed
Mosaic in the synagogue of Enschede.

Among Jews in Israel (except in Galilee),[24] and among most Sephardic Jews worldwide, the ceremony is performed every day during the repetition of the Shacharit and Mussaf Amidah. On Yom Kippur the Jewish ceremony is performed during the Ne'ila service as well. On fast days other than Yom Kippur, it is performed at Mincha, if said in the late afternoon. The reason for offering the blessing in the afternoon only on fast days is that on these days Kohanim cannot drink alcohol prior to the ceremony.[25]

In the Diaspora in Ashkenazic Orthodox communities, the Jewish ceremony is performed only on Pesach, Shavuot, Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret, Rosh Hashanah, and Yom Kippur.[26] This Ashkenazic practice is based on a ruling by the Remoh, who argued that the Kohanim were commanded to bless the people "with joy", and that Kohanim in the diaspora could not be expected to feel joyful except on the above-mentioned holidays where all Jews are commanded to feel joy.[27] German communities perform the blessing in Shaharit, Musaf, and (on Yom Kippur) in Neilah. Eastern European congregations only perform it at Musaf. On Simchat Torah, some communities recite it during Musaf, and others during Shacharit, to enable Kohanim to eat or drink during the Torah reading between Shacharit and Musaf.

When the blessing is omitted from a prayer in which it could be recited (on weekdays and Shabbat in Ashkenazic diaspora communities, or in any community if a Kohen is not present), the text of the prayer is recited by the hazzan instead, without any special chant or gestures.[28]

Procedure

At the beginning of the Jewish ceremony, Levites in the congregation wash the hands of the Kohanim and the Kohanim remove their shoes (if they are unable to remove their shoes without using their hands, the shoes are removed prior to the washing) and ascend the bimah in front of the Torah ark at the front of the synagogue. The use of a platform is implied in Leviticus 9:22. They cover their heads with their tallitot, recite the blessing over the performance of the mitzvah, turn to face the congregation, and then the hazzan slowly and melodiously recites the three verse blessing, with the Kohanim repeating it word by word after him. After each verse, the congregation responds Amen. If there are more than one Kohen performing the blessings then they wait until someone in the congregation calls out "Kohanim" before starting the blessing over performing the blessings; the hazzan then continues the procedure. However, if there is only one Kohan performing the blessings, he starts the blessing over performing the blessings without any prompting from the congregation; the hazzan then continues as normal. In the Yemenite tradition when there is a solitary Kohen, he says the first word of the blessing without prompting after having said the preparatory blessing.

Raising the hands
Shefa Tal.

During the course of the blessing, the hands of the Kohanim are spread out over the congregation, with the fingers of both hands separated so as to make five spaces between them; the spaces are (1) between the ring finger and middle finger of each hand, (2) between the index finger and thumb of each hand, and (3) the two thumbs touch each other at the knuckle and the aperture is the space above or below the touching knuckles.[29]

The Kohen raises his hands, with the palms facing downward and the thumbs of his outspread hands touching. The four fingers on each hand are customarily split into two sets of two fingers each (thus forming the letter Shin (שׁ), an emblem for Shaddai, "Almighty [God]"), or sometimes they are arranged to form an overlapping lattice of 'windows.' This Jewish ceremony is sometimes called Nesiat Kapayim, the "lifting of the hands." The Jewish tradition states the Divine Presence would shine through the fingers of the priests as they blessed the people, and no one was allowed to look at this out of respect for God.[30]

Each kohen's tallit is draped over his head and hands so that the congregation cannot see his hands while the blessing is said. Performing the Jewish ceremony of the priestly blessing is known in Yiddish as duchening, a reference to the bimah on which the blessing is said. The tradition of covering the hands stems from the biblical prohibition against a Kohen with hands that are disfigured in any way from offering the blessing. The rabbis softened this prohibition by saying that a Kohen with disfigured hands to which the community had become accustomed could bless. In later centuries, the practice became for all Kohanim to cover their hands so that any disfigurement would not be seen by the Congregation. This gave rise to folklore that one should not see the hands of the Kohen or even that harm would befall someone who sees the hands of the Kohen. Some congregants will even turn their backs to the Kohanim so as to avoid any possibility of seeing their hands—although this practice is unsupported by any rabbinic source.

Prayer chant

In some Jewish communities, it is customary for the Kohanim to raise their hands and recite an extended musical chant without words before reciting the last word of each phrase. There are different tunes for this chant in different communities. Aside from its pleasant sound, the chant is done so that the congregation may silently offer certain prayers containing individual requests of God after each of the three blessings of the Kohanim. Because supplications of this nature are not permitted on Shabbat, the chant is also not done on Shabbat. In Israel, though, this chanting is not the custom.

Variation among Jewish denominations

Conservative Judaism

In Conservative Judaism, the majority of congregations do not perform the priestly blessing ceremony, but some do. In some American Conservative congregations that perform the ceremony, a bat kohen (daughter of a priest) can perform it as well.[31] The Conservative movement's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has approved two opposing positions: One view holds that a bat kohen may deliver the blessing; another view holds that a bat kohen is not permitted to participate in the Priestly Blessing because it is a continuation of a Temple ritual that women were not eligible to perform.[32] Conservative Judaism has also lifted some of the restrictions on Kohanim including prohibited marriages. The Masorti movement in Israel, and some Conservative congregations in North America, require male kohanim as well, and retain restrictions on Kohanim.

Reform, Reconstructionist and Liberal Judaism

In Liberal (and American Reform) congregations, the concept of the priesthood has been largely abandoned, along with other caste and gender distinctions. Thus, this blessing is usually omitted or simply read by the hazzan. North American Reform Jews omit the Musaf service, as do most other liberal communities, and so if they choose to include the priestly blessing, it is usually appended to the end of the Shacharit Amidah. Some congregations, especially Reconstructionist ones, have the custom of the congregation spreading their tallitot over each other and blessing each other that way.

This custom was started when Montreal Reconstructionist rabbi Lavy Becker saw children in Pisa, Italy, run under their fathers' tallitot for the blessing, and he brought it home to his congregation.[33]

Some congregations alter the grammar so that the blessing is read in the first person plural: "May God bless us and keep us..."[34]

Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism does not permit a bat kohen (daughter of a kohen) or bat levi (daughter of a Levite) to participate in nesiat kapayim because the practice is a direct continuation of the Temple ritual, and should be performed by those who would authentically be eligible to do so in the Temple.

Christian liturgy

Blessings based on the priestly blessing are used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic,[35] Anglican,[36][37] and Lutheran churches.

Music

Settings of the text include:

In the mid-1960s, actor Leonard Nimoy, who was raised in a traditional Jewish home, used a single-handed version of this gesture to create the Vulcan salute for his character, Spock, on Star Trek. He has explained that while attending Orthodox services as a child, he peeked from under his father's tallit and saw the gesture; many years later, when introducing the character of Mr. Spock, he and series creator Gene Roddenberry thought a physical component should accompany the verbal "Live long and prosper" greeting. The Jewish priestly gesture looked sufficiently alien and mysterious, and became part of Star Trek lore.[40]

Leonard Cohen ended his concert in Ramat Gan, Israel, on 24 September 2009, with the Priestly Blessing, reciting it in Hebrew.[41]

gollark: I suspect one of them just has a ton of links on it.
gollark: *Somehow* my web crawler found all this stuff from just looking at content on 25 domains.
gollark: I fear that you're introducing horrible accursed cryptography into a thing.
gollark: What *are* you actually doing, though?
gollark: <@617340663368777777> Less unseriously, this sounds like an X/Y problem, what is your actual goal here?

See also

References
  1. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 16. Keter Publishing House, and in New York by the Macmillan Company. 1972. p. 513.
  2. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) s.v. Birkat Kohanim, page 109; Gold, Avi, Birchas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) pages 28–29; Jastrow, Marcus. "A Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature" (Choreb, 1926) s.v. "dukhan" p. 285
  3. "Second Day Yom Tov for Israelis". Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society. Staten Island, New York: Yeshiva Rabbi Jacob Joseph School (46): 119. 2003.
  4. Numbers 6:23–27. Found in Parshat Naso, the 35th Weekly Torah portion of the annual cycle.
  5. Liturgical perspectives: prayer and poetry in light of the Dead Sea scrolls ...By Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature. International Symposium. p. 243.
  6. Clyde M. Woods, Justin Rogers (2006). Leviticus and Numbers. College Press. p. 218.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. Numbers 6:27.
  8. Yael Landman Wermuth (April 13, 2016). "Smoak, The Priestly Blessing in Inscription and Scripture". Ancient Jew Review., a review of Smoak, Jeremy D. (2016). The Priestly Blessing in Inscription and Scripture: The Early History of Numbers 6:24–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  9. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) pages 90 & 94; Elbogen, Ismar, Jewish Liturgy: A comprehensive history (orig. 1913, English translation 1993, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society) page 64, citing Mishna, Megillah 4:4.
  10. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 94; for this reason, the blessing is not performed in the afternoon service of a festival (as distinguished from a fast), Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 109–110; Sperling, Abraham, Reasons for Jewish Customs and Traditions [Ta-amei Ha-Minhagim] (orig. 1890, English translation 1968, New York, Bloch Publishing Co.) page 67 (citing Orakh Hayyim 129:1)
  11. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 95; the length of the period depends on the deceased relation.
  12. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 90; but a Kohen is required to recite the blessing only once in a day, so a Kohen may refuse a request to perform the blessing a second time in the same day.
  13. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) pages 94–95.
  14. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 111, citing the Zohar, Naso 147b, and the Kohanim themselves preface the blessing with their own prayer, thanking God for commanding them "to bless his people, Israel, with love."
  15. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 111; The Orot Sephardic Weekday Siddur (1994, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 178; Elbogen, Ismar, Jewish Liturgy: A comprehensive history (orig. 1913, Engl.transl. 1993, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society) page 63 ("The priests did not begin on their own, but the precentor had to call out the blessing before them, and this custom has become so deeply rooted that it is regarded as a rule of the Torah. (citing Sifre, Numbers, sec. 39)"
  16. Mansour, Eli. "Does a Kohen Who Serves as Hazzan Recite Birkat Kohanim?". DailyHalacha.com. Torah Learning Resources Ltd. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  17. cf. The Complete ArtScroll Siddur (Ashkenaz ed., 2nd ed. 1987, Brooklyn) page 923; Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) pages 43 & 69.
  18. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 112; Elbogen, Ismar, Jewish Liturgy: A comprehensive history (orig. 1913, Engl.transl. 1993, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society) page 64; The Complete ArtScroll Siddur (Ashkenaz ed., 2nd ed. 1987, Brooklyn) page 295.
  19. See, e.g., Leonard Nimoy, Live Long and Prosper (Shekhinah descends and looking at it would seriously injure or kill person); Birkhat Kohanim ("the Divine Presence would shine on the fingers of the Kohanim as they would bless the Jews, and no one was allowed to look out of respect for God").
  20. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 110; Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 95; The Orot Sephardic Weekday Siddur (1994, NJ, Orot Inc.) pages 178 & 181.
  21. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 110
  22. Sperling, Abraham, Reasons for Jewish Customs and Traditions [Ta-amei Ha-Minhagim] (orig. 1890, English translation 1968, New York, Bloch Publishing Co.) pages 62–63.
  23. During the First Temple period, people wore as amulets silver scrolls on which the Birkhat Kohanim was inscribed, as described in the article Ketef Hinnom.
  24. "עוד בעניין נשיאת-כפיים בארץ-ישראל, הנחת הידיים ב'מודה אני'" [More about carrying hands in Eretz Israel] (in Hebrew). Chabad of Israel. בצפון ובכל מקום שנהגו לשאת-כפיים רק במוסף שבת
  25. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 109–110; Elbogen, Ismar, Jewish Liturgy: A comprehensive history (orig. 1913, English translation 1993, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society) pages 64–66.
  26. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 109; Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) pages 37–38.
  27. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 109–110; although Yom Kippur is a solemn occasion, by the Neilah service there is a sense of hope and optimism for Divine forgiveness.
  28. Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 110–111, although the Zohar and the Vilna Gaon had distinct instructions on the leader turning to the left and right at certain words.
  29. Gold, Avi, Bircas Kohanim (1981, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publications) page 41.
  30. Parsons, John. "The Priestly Blessing". Hebrew for Christians.
  31. Rabinowitz, Mayer. "OH 128:2.1994a Women Raise Your Hands" (PDF). Responsa of the CTLS 1991-2000. pp. 9–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-20.
  32. Rabbis Stanley Bramnick and Judah Kagen, 1994; and a responsa by the Va'ad Halakha of the Masorti movement, Rabbi Reuven Hammer, 5748
  33. Kol Haneshamah Sahabat Vḥagim, The Reconstructionist Press, Wyncote, Pa. 1994 p. 348 (footnote 2)
  34. "Shabbat at Home" (PDF). Reform Judaism.
  35. "The Priest in the Concluding Rites of the Mass". The Holy See. Retrieved 13 August 2018. The biblical source is referenced as 'Numbers 6:23-26'
  36. "Common Worship > Common Material > New Patterns for Worship > Resource Section > Conclusion > J67". Church of England. Retrieved 13 August 2018. The biblical source is referenced as "Numbers 6.24,25".
  37. "Book of Common Prayer: Order for the Visitation of the Sick" (PDF). John Baskerville, via the Society of Archbishop Justus. 1762 [1662]. p. 184. The Lord bless thee, and keep thee. The Lord make his face to shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee. The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace, both now and evermore.
  38. "The Lord Bless You and Keep You" (PDF). Musica Sacra of Sarasota. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
  39. Block, Ernest. "Y'varekh'kha adonai". Sacred Service (Avodat Hakodesh). Milken Archive of Jewish Music.
  40. 1983 television show "Leonard Nimoy's Star Trek Memories" This story was told by Nimoy on camera and repeated in somewhat abbreviated form in 1999 on the SciFi Channel "Star Trek: Special Edition" commentary for the episode "Amok Time". Again, the story was told by Nimoy on camera.
  41. Jeffay, Nathan (September 25, 2009). "'Hallelujah' in Tel Aviv: Leonard Cohen Energizes Diverse Crowd". The Forward.

Further reading
  • Rabbi Avi Gold, Bircas Kohanim: The Priestly Blessings: Background, Translation, and Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources Artscroll Mesorah Series, 1981, 95 pages. ISBN 0-89906-184-2
  • Hilchot Tefilla: A Comprehensive Guide to the Laws of Daily Prayer, David Brofsky, KTAV Publishing House/OU Press/Yeshivat Har Etzion. 2010. (ISBN 978-1-60280-164-6)
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