Presidential Seal of Turkey

Seal of the President of the Republic of Turkey
Versions
	Presidential Standard
Armiger	President of Turkey
Adopted	1923
Blazon	A red seal featuring a large 16-pointed Sun in the center surrounded by 16 five-pointed stars.

The Presidential Seal of Turkey is the official seal of the President of Turkey. It has a large 16-pointed Sun which symbolizes the Republic of Turkey in the center, which is surrounded by 16 five-pointed stars, symbolizing the 16 Great Turkish Empires in history.[1] It is the oldest presidential seal in the world still in use.

The roots of the Presidential Seal and Presidential Flag of Turkey go back to September 1922, when a similar flag was used on the automobile that took Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to İzmir during the final days of the Turkish National Campaign.[1] This flag is currently on display at the Anıtkabir Museum in Ankara.[1] The Presidential Flag's characteristics and proportions were legalized with the Sancak Talimatnamesi law on October 22, 1925.[1] According to this law, the Presidential Seal's dimensions were defined as "70cm x 70cm", while the Sun in the center (which looked similar to the current one) was a 20-pointed star containing 10 sharp-edged and 10 oval-edged light rays.[1] The "70cm x 70cm" dimensions of the Presidential Seal were maintained in the Turkish Flag Law of May 29, 1936; but were later reduced to "30cm x 30cm" with a new legal amendment that was made on September 14, 1937.[1] The number of the light rays in the Sun of the Presidential Seal were reduced to 16 (8 long and 8 short light rays, all of them sharp-edged) in order to symbolize the 16 Turkic states in history, with another legal amendment on February 18, 1978.[1] The seal and flag took their current shape and proportions with the final legal amendment on January 25, 1985.[1]

The 16 Great Turkic Empires are a Pan-Turkist concept introduced in 1969 by Akib Özbek.[2] Its association with the seal was introduced in 1985, under president Kenan Evren.[3] Prior to this assertion, the 16 stars had been taken as representing sixteen medieval beyliks which succeeded the Seljuk Empire.[4]

Measurements

The 16 stars are aligned with a 22.5 degree angle, equidistantly surrounding the sun. One edge of each star points to the center of the sun. The unit of measurement of the seal is the diameter of the circle around the edges of any one of the 16 stars (A). The lengths of the rays of the sun, the distance between the rays and the edges of the stars and the diameter of the outmost circle are determined as multiples of the unit A.