Lev Pontryagin

Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin (Russian: Лев Семёнович Понтрягин, also written Pontriagin or Pontrjagin) (3 September 1908 – 3 May 1988) was a Soviet mathematician. He was born in Moscow and lost his eyesight due to a primus stove explosion when he was 14. Despite his blindness he was able to become one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, partially with the help of his mother Tatyana Andreevna who read mathematical books and papers (notably those of Heinz Hopf, J. H. C. Whitehead, and Hassler Whitney) to him. He made major discoveries in a number of fields of mathematics, including algebraic topology and differential topology.

Lev Pontryagin
Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (left)
Born(1908-09-03)3 September 1908
Moscow, Russian Empire
Died3 May 1988(1988-05-03) (aged 79)
Moscow, Soviet Union
NationalitySoviet Union
Known forPontryagin duality
Pontryagin class
Pontryagin cohomology operation
Pontryagin's minimum principle
Andronov–Pontryagin criterion
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
Doctoral advisorPavel Alexandrov
Doctoral studentsDmitri Anosov
Vladimir Boltyansky
Revaz Gamkrelidze
Evgenii Mishchenko
Mikhail Postnikov
Mikhail Zelikin

Work

Pontryagin worked on duality theory for homology while still a student. He went on to lay foundations for the abstract theory of the Fourier transform, now called Pontryagin duality. With René Thom, he is regarded as one of the co-founders of cobordism theory, and co-discoverers of the central idea of this theory, that framed cobordism and stable homotopy are equivalent.[1] This led to the introduction around 1940 of a theory of certain characteristic classes, now called Pontryagin classes, designed to vanish on a manifold that is a boundary. In 1942 he introduced the cohomology operations now called Pontryagin squares. Moreover, in operator theory there are specific instances of Krein spaces called Pontryagin spaces.

Later in his career he worked in optimal control theory. His maximum principle is fundamental to the modern theory of optimization. He also introduced there the idea of a bang-bang principle, to describe situations where the applied control at each moment is either the maximum 'steer', or none.

Pontryagin authored several influential monographs as well as popular textbooks in mathematics.

Monument to Lev Pontryagin on wall of building on Leninsky Prospekt in Moscow, where he lived from 1939 to 1988.

Pontryagin's students include Dmitri Anosov, Vladimir Boltyansky, Revaz Gamkrelidze, Evgeni Mishchenko, Mikhail Postnikov, Vladimir Rokhlin, and Mikhail Zelikin.

Controversy and anti-semitism allegations

Pontryagin was accused of anti-Semitism on several occasions. For example, he attacked Nathan Jacobson for being a "mediocre scientist" representing the "Zionism movement", while both men were vice-presidents of the International Mathematical Union.[2][3] He rejected charges of anti-Semitism in an article published in Science in 1979,[4] claiming that he struggled with Zionism, which he considered a form of racism.[3] When a prominent Soviet Jewish mathematician, Grigory Margulis, was selected by the IMU to receive the Fields Medal at the upcoming 1978 ICM, Pontryagin, who was a member of the Executive Committee of the IMU at the time, vigorously objected.[5] Although the IMU stood by its decision to award Margulis the Fields Medal, Margulis was denied a Soviet exit visa by the Soviet authorities and was unable to attend the 1978 ICM in person.[5] Pontryagin also participated in a few notorious political campaigns in the Soviet Union, most notably, in the Luzin affair.

Publications
  • Pontrjagin, L. (1939), Topological Groups, Princeton Mathematical Series, 2, Princeton: Princeton University Press, MR 0000265
  • 1962 - Ordinary Differential Equations
  • 1962 - The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes
  • 1963 - Foundations of Combinatorial Topology
gollark: Interesting!
gollark: In languages such as Haskell, generics are extremely natural. `data Beeoid a b = Beeoid a | Metabeeoid (Beeoid b a) a | Hyperbeeoid a b a b` trivially defines a simple generic data type. It is only in the uncoolest of languages that this simplicity has been stripped away, with generic support artificially limited to a small subset of types, generally just arrays and similar structures. Thus, reject no generics, return to generalized, simple and good generics.
gollark: Great. Doing so. Thanks, syl.
gollark: Or at least... more consistent, which is kind of similar.
gollark: Perhaps it could be argued that generics are the natural state of things somehow, and simpler than no generics.

See also

Notes
  1. Mackenzie, Dana (2010), What's Happening in the Mathematical Sciences, Volume 8, American Mathematical Society, p. 126, ISBN 9780821849996.
  2. O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Nathan Jacobson". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  3. Memoirs, by Lev Pontryagin, Narod Publications, Moscow, 1998 (in Russian).
  4. Pontryagin, LS (September 14, 1979). "Soviet Anti-Semitism: Reply by Pontryagin". Science. 205 (4411): 1083–1084. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1083. PMID 17735029.
  5. Olli Lehto. Mathematics without borders: a history of the International Mathematical Union. Springer-Verlag, 1998. ISBN 0-387-98358-9; pp. 205-206
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