Polypodiaceae

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae.[1] A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.[2]

Polypodiaceae
Pleopeltis polypodioides fronds on an oak limb
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamilies and genera

See text.

Synonyms
  • Drynariaceae
  • Grammitidaceae
  • Gymnogrammitidaceae
  • Loxogrammaceae
  • Platyceriaceae
  • Pleurisoriopsidaceae

Description

Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.[2]

Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).[2]

Taxonomy

Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below.[1]

Polypodiineae (eupolypods I)
 

Didymochlaenaceae

 
 
 

Hypodematiaceae

 
 
 

Dryopteridaceae

 
 
 
 

Nephrolepidaceae

 
 

Lomariopsidaceae

 
 
 
 

Tectariaceae

 
 
 

Oleandraceae

 
 
 

Davalliaceae

 
 

Polypodiaceae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae.[3] The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, as of August 2019; for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae.[4] The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily".[5]

Subfamilies

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the division of the Polypodiaceae into six subfamilies, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae.[1][6] The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic relationship between the subfamilies based on an analysis published in 2008; at the time, Grammitidoideae was not separated from Polypodioideae.[7]

Polypodiaceae
 

Loxogrammoideae

 
 
 
 

Drynarioideae

 
 
 

Platycerioideae

 
 

Microsoroideae

 
 
 
 

Polypodioideae (including Grammitidoideae)

 
 
 

The subfamilies are treated as tribes in other systems. Mabberley, in 2008, treated all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae (Platycerium and Pyrrosia) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae, as the subfamily Polypodioideae, which he then divided into six tribes, four of which correspond to PPG I subfamilies (Drynarieae, Loxogrammeae, Microsoreae and Polypodieae) and others of which have been submerged (Selligueeae, now within Drynarioideae, and Lepisoreae, now within Microsoroideae).[8] Other systems also treat the subfamilies as tribes.[3] The equivalence is shown in the following table.

PPG I[1]Christenhusz & Chase (2014)[3]
Family Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.PreslSubfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar
     Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid.      Tribe Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
     Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar      Tribe Platycerieae Christenh.
     Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel      Tribe Drynarieae Chandra
     Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar      Tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
     Subfamily Polypodioideae Sweet      Tribe Polypodieae Hook. & Lindl. ex Duby
     Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue

Genera

In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the "(=)" prefix are considered to be synonyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera.[1][6]

Selliguea hastata
(=) tribe Drynarieae Subh.Chandra
(=) tribe Selligueeae (author?)[8]
(=) family Drynariaceae Ching
Combines drynarioid and selligueoid ferns
Grammitis billardierei
(includes family Grammitidaceae)
Dictymia mckeei
(=) tribe Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
(=) family Loxogrammaceae Ching ex Pic.Serm.
Lacks sclerenchyma (supporting tissue) in plant body, except in the roots.[8]
Microsorum pteropus
(=) tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
In 2019, based on a molecular phylogenetic study, Dendroconche was removed from synonymy with Microsorum and two additional genera were created, adding three genera to the subfamily:[9]
Platycerium elephantotis
(=) family Platyceriaceae Ching
Fronds with stellate hairs (star-shaped, radiating from center).[8]
Polypodium appalachianum
(=) tribe Polypodieae Hooker & Lindley ex Duby (sensu Mabberley 2008)
  • Subfamily placement uncertain:
  • Synammia C.Presl
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See also

References
  1. PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
  2. Panigrahi, G. & Patnaik, S.N. (1961). "Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India". Nature. 191: 1207–1208. doi:10.1038/1911207a0.
  3. Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  4. "Dryopteridaceae Herter". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  5. Sundue, Michael A.; Parris, Barbara S.; Ranker, Tom A.; Smith, Alan R.; Fujimoto, Erin L.; Zamora-Crosby, Delia; Morden, Clifford W.; Chiou, Wen-Liang; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Rouhan, Germinal; Hirai, Regina Y. & Prado, Jefferson (2014). "Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017.
  6. Christenhusz, Maarten; Zhang, Xian-Chun & Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  7. Schuettpelz, Eric & Pryer, Kathleen M. (2008). "Fern phylogeny" (PDF). In Ranker, Tom A. & Haufler, Christopher H. (eds.). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  8. Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Cambridge University Press. p. 690. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
  9. Testo, Weston L.; Field, Ashley R.; Sessa, Emily B. & Sundue, Michael (2019). "Phylogenetic and Morphological Analyses Support the Resurrection of Dendroconche and the Recognition of Two New Genera in Polypodiaceae Subfamily Microsoroideae" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 44 (4): 737–752. doi:10.1600/036364419X15650157948607. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
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