Phlebodium aureum

Phlebodium aureum (golden polypody, golden serpent fern, cabbage palm fern, gold-foot fern, hare-foot fern;[1] syn. Polypodium aureum, Polypodium leucotomos) is an epiphytic fern native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. It is confined to the eastern side of the continents, extending north into the United States to Florida and the extreme southeast of Georgia, and south through the Caribbean (the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Lesser Antilles), and northern and eastern South America to Paraguay. It is the only species of Phlebodium found in North America, the other species all confined to South America. Other common names include calaguala (Spanish language), laua`e haole (Hawaiian),[2] samambaia (Portuguese),[3] and hartassbräken (Swedish).[1]

Phlebodium aureum

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Genus: Phlebodium
Species:
P. aureum
Binomial name
Phlebodium aureum
Synonyms

Polypodium aureum L.

It is a rhizomatous fern, with the creeping rhizome 8–15 mm (rarely 30 mm) in diameter, densely covered in the golden-brown scales that give the species its name. The fronds are large and pinnatifid (deeply lobed), from 30–130 cm long and 10–50 cm broad, with up to 35 pinnae; they vary in color from bright green to glaucous green and have undulate margins. Several round sori run along each side of the pinna midrib, and the minute spores are wind-dispersed. The fronds are evergreen in areas with year-round rainfall, semi-evergreen or briefly deciduous in areas with a marked dry season.

Habitat

This fern is rarely terrestrial in habitat, usually colonizing the canopies of tropical rainforests and the dwarf palms of subtropical forests. It is common in the cloud forests of the Caribbean and northern South America. It grows in varied habitats in Florida, including swamps and hammocks, and can thus apparently tolerate a wide range of microclimates. Its restriction to the tropics and subtropics is readily explained by its intolerance of anything other than very brief, light frosts. High levels of light are also critical for the growth of this species, and its deciduous habit allows it to invade relatively dry areas.

Cultivation and uses

Phlebodium aureum is well-adapted to cultivation and is valued both as an ornamental plant and in herbal medicine.

It can be cultivated in greenhouses in non-tropical climates if night temperatures do not fall below about 5 °C. Several cultivars have been selected for garden planting, with varying leaf color from grey-green to silver-green to blue-green, or with cristate or very wavy frond margins.

Medicine

Decoctions have been used as a panacea in Central American folk medicine. These tonics were prescribed for a multitude of ailments, ranging from asthma to heart disease. Modern medicine has also investigated P. aureum, often using the deprecated synonym Polypodium leucotomos.

Oral consumption of Polypodium leucotomos extract has also been studied for the treatment of dermatologic disorders including melasma, vitiligo, psoriasis, polymorphous light eruption, atopic dermatitis, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging and skin cancer.[4][5]

Oral consumption of Polypodium leucotomos extract has been shown to protect the skin from ultraviolet light damage.[6] Clinical studies have shown that Polypodium leucotomos extract provides photoprotection against the effects of both UVB and UVA light.[7][8] A review of 19 human and 6 basic scientific studies showed that Polypodium leucotomos was well tolerated with a favorable side effect profile.[9] Consequently, Polypodium leucotomos supplementation has been posited as an adjunct photoprotection strategy in combination with traditional UV filters, such as sunscreen.[10]

Systematics

Phlebodium aureum is a member of a very small, and recently discovered genus. It was split from the genus Polypodium, and the split is still apparent in the multitude of synonyms available for Phlebodium aureum. Phlebodium is one of the 178 genera in the family Polypodiaceae. Additionally, the family Polypodiaceae is broken into a number of subfamilies, with Phlebodium a member of the non-grammatid tribe within the subfamily Polypodioideae. Members of the non-grammatids in this subfamily include the genera Phlebodium as well as Polypodium, from which Phlebodium is derived and which most likely is its closest relative. Other members include Pecluma, Pleopeltis, Microgramma, and Pleurosoriopsis. A bootstrapping technique proves that, at a 90% confidence level, the polypodiaceous ferns form a sister relationship with tree ferns. However, further phylogenetic studies need to be conducted regarding the current status of the genus, and which of the species are the most related.

The genus Phlebodium is exemplified by containing rows of areoles that lack included veins, and each sorus served by two different veins. Correll and Correll, two authors responsible for thirty years of classification since Flora was introduced in 1982, documented Phlebodium aureum as Polypodium aureum as recently as 1982. However, this creation of the new genera is warranted based on some notable differences. For instance, Giudice et al. points out that the sori on Phlebodium are more smooth and rounded when compared to other groups within the family Polypodiaceae. Additionally, studies on spores and size of the mature plant prove that Phlebodium contrasts severely from the rest of its family, providing the creation of the genera. The division of genera within the Polypodiaceae is fairly gray, considering that systematically, gametophytes differ only very slightly amongst different genera.

Members of the family Polypodiaceae are most closely related to the Davalliaceae, with further relationships noted to Oleandraceae, Tectariaceae, and the Lomariopsidaceae within the order Polypodiales, which contains 80% of today’s ferns species (see additional page for picture). The order arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, and are regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of ferns.

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gollark: Economically, I mean.
gollark: If loads of people are off sick and/or dead that would be very bad.
gollark: It's a vicious cycle thing and toilet paper received most media attention.
gollark: People are panic-buying toilet paper so other people are panic-buying it as it is becoming scarcer.

References
  1. "Phlebodium aureum". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  2. Starr, F. and K. Starr. Phlebodium aureum. Plants of Hawaii. Starr Environmental.
  3. Taylor, Leslie Granville (2005). The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers. ISBN 0-7570-0144-0.
  4. Choudhry SZ, Bhatia N, Ceilley R, et al. (2014). "Role of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in dermatologic diseases: a review of the literature". J Drugs Dermatol. 13 (2): 148–53. PMID 24509964.
  5. Nestor M, Bucay V, Callender V, Cohen JL, Sadick N, Waldorf H (2014). "Polypodium leucotomos as an Adjunct Treatment of Pigmentary Disorders". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 7 (3): 13–7. PMC 3970827. PMID 24688621.
  6. Berman B, Ellis C, Elmets C (2016). "Polypodium Leucotomos--An Overview of Basic Investigative Findings". J Drugs Dermatol. 15 (2): 224–8. PMC 5189711. PMID 26885792.
  7. Kohli I, Shafi R, Isedeh P, Griffith JL, Al-Jamal MS, Silpa-Archa N, Jackson B, Athar M, Kollias N, Elmets CA, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH (2017). "The impact of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract on ultraviolet B response: A human clinical study". J Am Acad Dermatol. 77 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.044. PMC 5730054. PMID 28341348.
  8. Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, Garcia-Caballero T, Rius-Díaz F, Fitzpatrick TB, González S (2004). "Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 50 (1): 41–9. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02732-4. PMID 14699363.
  9. Winkelmann RR, Del Rosso J, Rigel DS (2015). "Polypodium leucotomos extract: a status report on clinical efficacy and safety". J Drugs Dermatol. 14 (3): 254–61. PMID 25738847.
  10. El-Haj N, Goldstein N (2015). "Sun protection in a pill: the photoprotective properties of Polypodium leucotomos extract". Int J Dermatol. 54 (3): 362–6. doi:10.1111/ijd.12611. PMID 25040452.

Further reading
  • Copeland, E. B. 1947. "Genera Filicinum". The Genera of Ferns. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.
  • Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-allies of the United States & Canada. Smithsonian. Washington, DC.
  • Phlebodium aureum in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
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