Politics of Bihar

The Politics of Bihar, a state in eastern India, is characterised by dominance of regional political parties. Currently, there are four main political parties: Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress. All four along with some smaller regional parties like Rashtriya Lok Samata Party and Hindustani Awam Morcha are playing vital role in Bihar politics. while Lok Janshakti Party is a small player in Bihar politics. Bihar is currently ruled by Janta Dal (United) and Bhartiya Janata Party coalition.

Leaders of Bihar, Lalu Prasad Yadav , Nitish Kumar, and Ram Vilas Paswan with former Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi

Bihar
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Bihar

Administration and Governments
Main articles: Government of Bihar and Administration in Bihar
Vidhansabha Building, Patna

The constitutional head of the Government of Bihar is the Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with the Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government. The first Chief Minister of Bihar was Sri Krishna Sinha & first Deputy Chief Minister was Dr Anugrah Narayan Sinha.[1]

Previous Chief Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi, succeeded Nitish Kumar, who resigned after Lok Sabha Polls (General Elections) in 2014 taking responsibility of JDU's deplorable performance. Again Nitish Kumar became the Chief Minister of Bihar after Jitan Ram Manjhi was sacked.[2]

The head of the bureaucracy of the State is called the Chief Secretary. Under him is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, and different wings of the State civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a High Court which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.

The state is divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts, for administrative purposes. The various districts are included in the following divisions – Patna, Tirhut, Saran, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Munger and Magadh Division.[1]

History

Pre-Independence
Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha with local wakils during Gandhi's visit to Champaran(1916)

Bihar was an important part of India's struggle for independence. Gandhi became the mass leader only after the Champaran Satyagraha that he launched on the repeated request of a local leader, Raj Kumar Shukla, he was supported by great illumanaries like Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Brajkishore Prasad.

Post Independence : 1950–1975
First Chief Minister of Bihar, Dr. Srikrishna Singh

The first Bihar governments in 1946 were led by two eminent leaders Sri Babu (Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha) and Anugrah Babu (Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha). They ran an exemplary government in Bihar.[1] After Independence of India, the power was shared by these two Gandhian nationalists Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha who later became the first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha who decidedly was next to him in the cabinet and served as the first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister of Bihar. In late 60's death of central railway minister late Mr. Lalit Narayan Mishra (who was killed by a hand grenade attack for which central leadership is blamed most of the time) pronounced the end of indigenous work oriented mass leaders. For two decades congress ruled the state. It was the time when a prominent leader like Satyendra Narayan Singh took sides with the Janata Party and deserted congress from where his political roots originated, following the ideological differences with the congress.[1]

S.N Singh's regime is known for deteriorating law and order situation which also witnessed one of the biggest riot in the history of bihar i.e the 1989 Bhagalpur violence.A report tabled in Bihar Legislative Assembely under the chairmanship of N.N Singh made Sinha led Congress regime responsible for the riots.The 1000 page report outlined the inactivity shown by him and administration for almost two months during which over 1000 people (mostly poor Muslim weavers) were slaughtered and 50000 were displaced.[3]

Bihar movement & Aftermath: 1975–1990
See also: Jayaprakash Narayan, Bihar movement, and Indian Emergency
The architect of "Total Revolution" Jayprakash Narayan with Jawaharlal Nehru

After independence also, when India was falling into an autocratic rule during the regime of Indira Gandhi, the main thrust to the movement to hold elections came from Bihar under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan. In 1974, JP led the student's movement in the state of Bihar which gradually developed into a popular people's movement known as the Bihar Movement. It was during this movement that Narayan gave a call for peaceful "Total Revolution" & together with V. M. Tarkunde, he founded the Citizens for Democracy in 1974 and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 1976, both NGOs were established to uphold and defend civil liberties. On 23 January 1977, Indira Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released all political prisoners. Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977. The Congress Party, suffered a defeat at the hands of the Janata Party coalition of several small parties created in 1977 and the alliance came to power, headed by Morarji Desai, who became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.[4][5]

In Bihar, the Janata Party won all the fifty-four Lok Sabha seats in 1977 general elections under the mentorship of Narayan and rose to power in Bihar assembly also. Karpoori Thakur became Chief Minister after winning a contest from the then Janata Party President Satyendra Narayan Sinha. Bihar movement's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship. This resulted in two things, first the identity of Bihar (from the word Vihar meaning monasteries) representing a glorious past was lost. Its voice often used to get lost in the din of regional clamour of other states, specially the linguistic states like Uttar Pradesh, & Madhya Pradesh also Bihar gained an anti-establishment image. The establishment-oriented press often projected the state as indiscipline and anarchy.[6]

Idealism did assert itself in the politics from time to time, viz, 1977 when a wave defeated the entrenched Congress Party and then again in 1989 when Janata Dal came to power on an anti corruption wave. In between, the socialist movement tried to break the stranglehold of the status quoits under the leadership of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha and Karpoori Thakur. This could not flourish, partly due to the impractical idealism of these leaders and partly due to the machinations of the central leaders of the Congress Party who felt threatened by a large politically aware state.[6]

The Communist Party in Bihar was formed in 1939. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s the Communist movement in Bihar was a formidable force and represented the most enlightened section in Bihar. The movement was led by veteran communist leaders like Jagannath Sarkar, Sunil Mukherjee, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Indradeep Sinha, and Chandrashekhar Singh. It was under the leadership of Sarkar that the Communist party fought "total revolution" led by Jayprakash Narayan, as the movement in its core was anti-democratic and challenged the very fabric of Indian democracy.[7]

Since the regional identity was slowly getting sidelined, its place was taken up by caste-based politics, power initially being in the hands of the Brahmins, Bhumihars and Rajputs.However the period of 1980s witnessed a remarkable change in political scenario of Bihar, when riding upon the wave of "social justice" and no vote without representation the middle OBC castes like Yadav, Kurmi and Koeri replaced upper castes in politics.[8]

Lalu's Politics : 1990–2004
See also: Janata Party, Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Rashtriya Janata Dal

Janata Dal came to power in the state in 1990 on the back of its victory at the national stage in 1989. Lalu Prasad Yadav became Chief Minister after winning the race of legislative party leadership by a slender margin against Ram Sundar Das, a former chief minister from the Janata Party and close to eminent Janata Party leaders like Chandrashekhar and S N Sinha. Later, Lalu Prasad Yadav gained popularity with the masses through a series of popular and populist measures. The principled socialists, Nitish Kumar included, gradually left him and Lalu Prasad Yadav was the uncrowned king by 1995 as both Chief Minister as well as the President of his party, Rashtriya Janata Dal. He was a charismatic leader who had people's support and Bihar had got such a person as the chief minister after a long time.[9]

Populist policies and consolidation of lower castes under Lalu Yadav
Lalu Yadav in a rally with Rabri Devi and Subhash Prasad Yadav

According to Seyed Hossein Zarhani, though Laloo Prasad became a hate figure among Forward Castes, he drew huge support from backward castes and Dalits.He was criticised for neglecting development but a study conducted during his reign among downtrodden Musahars revealed that though the construction of houses for them hasn't been concluded at required pace, still they will choose Laloo as he returned them their "ijjat"(honour) and for the first time they are allowed to vote.[10]

A number of populist policies which directly impacted his backward caste supporters were launched during his tenure. Some of these being; establishment of "Charvaha schools", where children of poor could get skilled; abolishment of cess on toddy and more importantly the negligence of rules related to reservation for backward castes were made cognizable offence.Laloo mobilised backwards through his identity politics.According to his conception, Forward Castes were elite in the outlook and thus he portrayed himself as, "Messiah of backwards" by ensuring that his way of living remain identical to his supporters who were mostly poor.He even continued to reside in his quarter of one room after getting elected as Chief Minister, though later he moved to official residence of the CM for administrative convinience.[10]

Another significant event during his regime was the recruitment of backward castes and communities to government services in large numbers.The Government's white paper claimed to have significant number of vacancies in health sector and similar manpower crunch existed across various sectors.The rules of recruitment were changed drastically in order to benefit backward castes who supported Laloo.The frequent transfer of existing officers, who were at the higher echelon of bureaucracy was also an important feature of Laloo and Rabri Devi regime.These developments led to collapse of administration and entire system.Yadav however continued to rule Bihar due to massive support from backward castes as well as his emphasis on "honour" which he considered more important than the development.Thus according to Zarhani, for the lower caste he was a charismatic leader who was capable to become the voice of those who were silent for long.[10]

Another form of mobilisation of his Dalit supporters by Laloo Yadav was popularising all those folk heroes of lower castes, who were said to have vanquished the upper caste adversaries.One such example is of a popular Dalit saint who was revered as he not only ran away with an upper caste girl but also suppressed all her kins.Praising him could enrage Bhumihar caste in some parts of Bihar.There is a grand celebration every year at a particular place near Patna and Yadav participates in this fair with pomp and show.His energetic participation in this show makes it a rallying point for Dalits, who saw it as their victory and the harassment of upper castes. [11] But with his short sighted approach and populist policies Laloo couldn't bring the derailed wagon of development of the state on to the track. When corruption charges got serious, he quit the post of CM but appointed his wife as the CM and ruled through proxy. In this period, the administration deteriorated fast.[12]

According to Kalyani Shankar, Lalu created a feeling amongst the oppressed that they are real rulers of state under him.He continuously lambasted the oppressors on the behalf of the oppressed and led to their emergence as the pivot of political power.The upper caste who composed just 13.2% of the population were controlling most of the land while the backwards who were 51% own very little land.With the advent of Lalu thd economic profile of the state changed too with the backward caste diversifying their occupational pattern as well as controlling more swathes of land.Meanwhile Lalu also installed a sense of confidence among Muslims by stopping Lal Krishna Advani's controversial "Ram Rath Yatra". Muslims of Bihar were feeling a sense of insecurity after the ghastly 1989 Bhagalpur riots.The Satyendra Narayan Singh government was failed to controll law and order situation thus death toll reached over 1000.The people affected were mostly poor weavers and others belonging to low strata of society and hence they were looking for a leader who could control the deteriorating situation of state under Congress.According to Kalyani, during this period upper castes were totally marginalised and backwards came to control the power firmly. [13]

Rabri Devi's regime and deterioration of law and order

Rabri Devi, succeeded Lalu Prasad as Chief Minister though Lalu was able to influence the government from the jail.This period saw rise of strongmen from both upper and backward castes, who carved out their separate area of influence.The Lalu-Rabri regime was not supported by Forward Castes due to their political and socio-economic marginalisation under Lalu's rule.A number of influential criminals who were portrayed as leaders of their caste rose to the scene as a reaction against Lalu's "Backward caste politics".[14] Hence people like Anand Mohan Singh, Vijay Kumar Shukla(Munna Shukla), Rama Singh, and Prabhunath Singh came to support the cause of upper castes by launching war of retribution against lower and middle castes.As for example Munna Shukla and his associates which included his brother Chhotan Shuka, were active in vaishali district of Bihar and they were consistently in clash with Lalu's minister and strongman Brij Bihari Prasad.Their tussle resulted in assassination of Chhotan, in the retribution of which Brij Bihari Prasad, a Bania, was also killed. Finally, Munna Shukla and Anand Mohan's reign of terror came to an end when they were convicted in murder of Gopalganj District Magistrate G. Krishnaiah, a Dalit by caste.[15]

Earlier Anand Mohan also brought havoc for the supporters of Reservation and Mandal Commission report by forming his "Samajwadi Krantikari Sena", which was a lynching party of upper castes untill he was taken over by Lalu's close confident and strogman Pappu Yadav.[16] In the meantime, Sadhu Yadav and Subhash Prasad Yadav, the two brother-in-laws of Lalu were also running parallel government in their own areas of influence.[17]The novice Rabri Devi was not able to cope with the situation.Another conundrum which arose in the era of gangwars was the rise of private armies of the landlords(though they were formed much earlier from 1960s itself), with these landlords the landless labourers and the poor peasantry of middle caste fought with their own organisations like Lal Sena and the Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist) Liberation.

A number of big massacres were organised in the decades before lalu's rule as well as decades after and during Rabri's rule.As for example, the Dalelchak-bhagora massacre(during Bindeshwari Dubey's government) in which 42 Rajputs were killed by Maoist Communist Centre, a lynching party of Yadavs.[18] Similarly in "Senari carnage" which was also organised by MCC, Bhumihars were the main victim.Dalits were also killed in large numbers as for example Laxmanpur Bathe massacre by the upper castes.In Nawada region on the other hand, Ashok Mahto gang formed by Koeri and Kurmis were in a long drawn battle with Bhumihars as a consequence of which Akhilesh Singh's father in law along with a number of his family members were killed by Mahto gang.The result was a severe blow to the ambitions of Akhilesh Singh gang, which was supported by Bhumihars to take control of the area which was known for potato cultivation and sand mining.[19]


The root cause of these skirmishes were attempt to grab more and more land in the wake of deteriorating economy and administration.The Dalelchak-bhagora massacre was also a conflict over hundreds of acres of disputed land between Yadavs and Rajputs similar is the case with Nawada were claimants were Koeri-Kurmi and Bhumihars.[18][19] The naxalite cadres who were mobilising people from lower castes were active since 1960s, when the first spark of rebellion and organisation of mass murders of upper caste landlords were witnessed under leadership of Jagdish Mahto.[20] The upper caste were countering these forces through their private armies like Kuer Sena and Ranvir Sena whilst the landlords from backward castes were doing the same through Bhumi Sena and the "Lorik Sena".[21]

After 2004

By 2004, 14 years after Lalu's victory, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[22] As disaffection intensified among the masses, middle classes included, the RJD was voted out of power and Lalu Prasad Yadav lost an election to a coalition headed by his previous ally and now rival Nitish Kumar.

Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar with Narendra Modi

Politics of development under Nitish Kumar

Nitish used to be a close aide of Lalu Yadav, the parting of ways between Nitish and Lalu was a consequence of "Yadavisation" of politics and administration.According to Arun Sinha, Lalu initially wanted to project Nitish Kumar as the leader of Kurmi community however Nitish was not satisfied with the tag of the leader of a particular community rather his ambitions were much bigger than that.There are instances in Bihar's history when Nitish refrained from associating himself to any particular community , even to which he himself belonged.This was witnessed when during tenure of Lalu Prasad, when a "Kurmi chetna rally" was organised in Patna.Nitish initially decided not to attend the rally but lastly he had to go there along with George Fernández. Nitish used the forum to launch a direct and open attack upon Lalu's rule and alleged marginalisation of other castes who were equally ambitious to the Yadavs.[23]

Initially Nitish suffered defeats at the hand of Lalu Yadav and his party but later he was able to form a successful social axis of "Forward castes" as well as Koeri and Kurmi caste, who were the core supporters of Nitish.[24] Also, he launched a series of strike against criminal politicians and all the former Bahubalis(strogman) politicians were put behind the bars.Hence, the politician turned convicted criminals like Prabhunath Singh, Mohammad Shahabuddin, & Anand Mohan Singh were booked.In his bid to make Bihar crime free, many a times politicians from his own party were booked under serious charges.[25] The era of "identity politics" unleashed by Lalu Yadav was replaced by "politics of development".Though caste based rallies were still organised in order to mobilise the voters during elections, his detachment from all such rallies became point of discussion.An incident which drew statewide attention was of a rally of Kurmis in "Gandhi Maidan". Media reported that while the mob was enthused by the presence of Chief Minister and slogans like "Garv se kaho ham Kurmi hai"(say it with pride, I am a Kurmi) were echoed in the sky, he didn't utter a word on caste.[26]

Nitish Kumar is thus said to have regained Bihar's true identity, which is the place from where people who changed the world come like Gautam Buddha or Asoka or Sher Shah Suri or the Sikh Gurus. Despite the separation of financially richer Jharkhand, Bihar has actually seen more positive growth in recent years.[27]

Currently, there are three main political formations: Janata Dal, Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Janata Dal led coalition which also has the Indian National Congress. There are myriad other political formations. Ram Vilas Paswan led Lok Janshakti Party is a constituent of the NDA at the centre, and does not see eye to eye with Lalu Prasad Yadav's RJD in Bihar. Bihar People's Party is a small political formation in north Bihar. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, but has got weakened now. CPM and Forward Bloc have minor presence. Ultra left parties like CPML, Party Unity etc. have presence in pockets and are at war with the state.

Election in Bihar
Main article: Elections in Bihar


voters displaying their identity card at Samudayak Bhawan, Nathpur, Bhagalpur, Bihar, during the third phase of General Election-2009

Assembly Election
Year Election Total Seat Winner Winner's seat Chief Minister Deputy Chief Minister 1st Runner up 2nd Runner up
1951 1st Assembly 331 INC 239 Sri Krishna Sinha Anugrah Narayan Sinha ? ?
1957 2nd Assembly 318 INC 210 Sri Krishna Sinha
Deep Narayan Singh
Binodanand Jha		 Anugrah Narayan Sinha(died on 5 July 1957) ? ?
1962 3rd Assembly 318 INC 185 Binodanand Jha
Krishana Ballabh Sahay		 NONE ? ?
1967 4th Assembly 318 None NA Mahamaya Prasad Sinha, Jana Kranti Dal
Satish Prasad Singh, INC
B. P. Mandal, INC
Bhola Paswan Shashtri, INC(O)		 Karpuri Thakur (Demitted office on 31 January 1968) ? ?
1969 5th Assembly 318 None NA Harihar Singh, INC
Bhola Paswan Shashtri, INC(O)
President's rule
Daroga Prasad Rai, INC
Karpuri Thakur, Socialist Party
Bhola Paswan Shashtri, INC		 NONE ? ?
1972 6th Assembly 318 INC 167 Kedar Pandey
Abdul Gafoor
Jagannath Mishra		 NONE ? ?
1977 7th Assembly 324 Janata Party 214 Karpuri Thakur
Ram Sunder Das		 NONE ? ?
1980 8th Assembly 324 INC 169 Jagannath Mishra
Chandrashekhar Singh		 NONE ? ?
1985 9th Assembly 324 INC 197 Bindeshwari Dubey
Bhagwat Jha Azad
Satyendra Narayan Singh
Jagannath Mishra		 NONE Lok Dal (46) IND (29)
1990 10th Assembly 324 Janata Dal 122 Laloo Prasad Yadav NONE INC (71) BJP (39)
1995 11th Assembly 325 Janata Dal 167 Laloo Prasad Yadav
Rabri Devi		 NONE BJP (41) INC (29)
2000 12th Assembly 243 RJD (103) with
INC (14) and
Others		 124 Rabri Devi NONE BJP (39) SAP (28)
2005 13th Assembly 243 None None President's rule NDA (92)
JD(U) (55)
BJP (37)		 RJD (75) with
INC (10)
2005 14th Assembly 243 NDA
JD(U) (88)
BJP (55)		 143 Nitish Kumar Sushil Kumar Modi RJD (54)
INC (10)		 LJP (10)
2010 15th Assembly 243 NDA
JD(U) (115)
BJP (91)		 206 Nitish Kumar, Jitan Ram Manjhi Sushil Kumar Modi RJD (22)
LJP(3)		 INC (4)
2015 16th Assembly 243 NDA
JD(U) (71)
BJP (55)		 131 Nitish Kumar Tejashwi Yadav, Sushil Kumar Modi RJD (80)
 INC (27)

General Election
Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar
Year Lok Sabha Election Total Seats Winning Party/Coalition Winner's seat
1951 First Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1957 Second Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1962 Third Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1967 Fourth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1971 Fifth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1977 Sixth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1980 Seventh Lok Sabha Indian National Congress (Indira)
1984 Eighth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress (Indira)
1989 Ninth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress (Indira)
1991 Tenth Lok Sabha Indian National Congress
1996 Eleventh Lok Sabha
1998 Twelfth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance
1999 Thirteenth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance
2004 Fourteenth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance
2009 Fifteenth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance
2014 Sixteenth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance
2019 Seventeenth Lok Sabha National Democratic Alliance

Political Parties in Bihar

National Party

Regional Party

See also

References and footnotes
  1. http://docslide.net/documents/bihar-558455b8f35fb.html
  2. Ghosh, Deepshikha (20 May 2014). "I'm No Rubber Stamp,' Says Nitish Kumar's Successor Jitan Ram Manjhi". Patna: NDTV. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  3. "bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police". India Today. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  4. Gort, Jerald D.; Jansen, Henry; Vroom, H. M. (2002). Religion, conflict and reconciliation: multifaith ideals and realities. Rodopi. p. 246. ISBN 978-90-420-1460-2.
  5. Kesselman, Mark; Krieger, Joel; William A., Joseph (2009). Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas (5 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-547-21629-4.
  6. Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). City, Society, and Planning: Society. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. p. 397-404. ISBN 8180694607. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  7. Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
  8. Arnold P. Kaminsky, Roger D. Long (2011). इंडिया टुडे: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Retrieved 4 March 2012.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. Nalin Verma, Laloo Prasad Yadav (2019). Gopalganj to Raisina: My Political Journey. Rupa. ISBN 935333313X. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  10. Zarhani, Seyed Hossein (2018). "Elite agency and development in Bihar: confrontation and populism in era of Garibon Ka Masiha". Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization. Routledge. ISBN 1351255185.
  11. Nambisan, Vijay (2001). "Bihar: is in the Eye of the Beholder". Penguin UK,. ISBN 9352141334. Retrieved 26 July 2020.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  12. Phadnis, Aditi (30 September 2013). "Lalu Prasad Yadav: From symbol of hope to ridicule". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  13. Shankar, Kalyani (2005). Gods of Power: Personality Cult & Indian Democracy. Macmillan. pp. 216–220. ISBN 1403925100. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  14. Ahmed, Soroor (18 January 2010). "Upper caste politics at crucial juncture in Bihar". The Bihar Times. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  15. Gupta, Smita (15 October 2007). "Pinned Lynch". Outlook. PTI. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  16. Ahmed, Farzand. "ganglords-turned-politicians-form-syndicate-carve-out-bihar-into-their-personal-fiefdoms". India Today. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  17. Sinha, A. (2011). Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-08459-3. Retrieved 7 April 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  18. Ahmed, Farzand. "Massacre-of-42-rajputs-in-bihar-villages-marks-a-new-level-of-brutality". India Today. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  19. Kumar, Salil. "Laloo, Aaloo and Baloo". reddif.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  20. Srivastava, Arun (2015). Maoism in India. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 181. ISBN 9351865134. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  21. "A lasting signature on Bihar's most violent years - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  22. "bihar-a-byword-for-the-worst-of-india-the-economist". Outlook India. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  23. Sinha, A. (2011). Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar. Viking. p. 163-165. ISBN 978-0-670-08459-3. Retrieved 7 April 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  24. Kumar, Sanjay (5 June 2018). Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns. SAGE publication. pp. 79–83. ISBN 978-93-528-0585-3.
  25. Upadhyay, Ashok. "How Nitish Kumar plays the caste card when it suits him". Dailyo.in. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  26. Mishra, Dipak. "how-vikas-purush-nitish-kumar-favoured-fellow-kurmis-in-bihar-administration-and-politics". The Print. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  27. "Bihar fastest growing state, Maharashtra tops in economic size: Report". dna. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.

Bibliography
  • Radhakanta Barik – Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
  • Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
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