Platythyrea

Platythyrea is a genus of predaceous ants in the subfamily Ponerinae and the sole member of the tribe Platythyreini.[2]

Platythyrea
Temporal range: Eocene – Recent 52.2–0 Ma
Platythyrea punctata worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Ponerinae
Tribe:
Platythyreini

Emery, 1901
Genus:
Platythyrea

Roger, 1863
Type species
Pachycondyla punctata
Roger, 1863
Diversity[1]
45 species
Synonyms

Eubothroponera Clark, 1930

Distribution

The genus has a worldwide distribution, and is found in the tropics and subtropics of the world.[3]

Description

Workers are small to very large in size (4–20 mm). Gamergates (reproductive female workers) are known from all studied species except one, P. conradti, which have ergatoid queens (wingless reproductive ants, intermediate in form between workers and winged queens). Some species with gamergates also have alate queens, which are similar to the workers but winged.[3]

The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity

Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilized egg. Automixis is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid zygote (see diagram).

Colonies of Platythyrea punctata from Florida and the Caribbean Islands produce offspring almost exclusively by automictic thelytoky.[4] Automixis appears to involve central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram). This form of automixis tends to maintain heterozygosity in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimize inbreeding depression. Furthermore, crossover recombination occurs at a greatly reduced rate during meiosis,[4] which likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity.

Species
  • Platythyrea angusta Forel, 1901
  • Platythyrea arnoldi Forel, 1913
  • Platythyrea arthuri Forel, 1910
  • Platythyrea bicuspis Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea bidentata Brown, 1975
  • Platythyrea brevidentata Wheeler, 1922
  • Platythyrea brunnipes (Clark, 1938)
  • Platythyrea clypeata Forel, 1911
  • Platythyrea conradti Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea cooperi Arnold, 1915
  • Platythyrea cribrinodis (Gerstäcker, 1859)
  • Platythyrea crucheti Santschi, 1911
  • †Platythyrea dentata Lattke, 2003
  • Platythyrea dentinodis (Clark, 1930)
  • †Platythyrea dlusskyi Aria, Perrichot & Nel, 2011
  • Platythyrea exigua Kempf, 1964
  • Platythyrea frontalis Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea gracillima Wheeler, 1922
  • Platythyrea inermis Forel, 1910
  • Platythyrea lamellosa (Roger, 1860)
  • Platythyrea lenca De Andrade, 2004
  • Platythyrea matopoensis Arnold, 1915
  • Platythyrea micans (Clark, 1930)
  • Platythyrea mocquerysi Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea modesta Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea nicobarensis Forel, 1905
  • Platythyrea occidentalis André, 1890
  • Platythyrea parallela (Smith, 1859)
  • Platythyrea pilosula (Smith, 1858)
  • †Platythyrea primaeva Wheeler, 1915
  • Platythyrea prizo Kugler, 1977
  • †Platythyrea procera Lattke, 2003
  • †Platythyrea pumilio De Andrade, 2004
  • Platythyrea punctata (Smith, 1858)
  • Platythyrea quadridenta Donisthorpe, 1941
  • Platythyrea sagei Forel, 1900
  • †Platythyrea scalpra Lattke, 2003
  • Platythyrea schultzei Forel, 1910
  • Platythyrea sinuata (Roger, 1860)
  • Platythyrea strenua Wheeler & Mann, 1914
  • Platythyrea tenuis Emery, 1899
  • Platythyrea tricuspidata Emery, 1900
  • Platythyrea turneri Forel, 1895
  • Platythyrea viehmeyeri Santschi, 1914
  • Platythyrea zodion Brown, 1975
gollark: Why did states happen in the *first* place if they aren't good and there's a stable alternative?
gollark: > Collectivization will take place naturally as soon as state coercion is over, the workers themselveswill own their workplaces as the capitalists will no longer have any control over them. This iswhat happened during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, during which workers and farmers seized andmanaged the means of production collectively. For those capitalists who had a good attitude towardsworkers before the revolution, there was also a place - they joined the horizontal labor collectivesUm. This seems optimistic.
gollark: > "Legally anyone can start their own business. Just launch a company!”. These words oftenmentioned by the fans of capitalism are very easy to counter, because they have a huge flaw. Namely,if everyone started a company, who would work for all these companiesThis is a bizarre objection. At the somewhat extreme end, stuff *could* probably still work fine if the majority of people were contracted out for work instead of acting as employees directly.
gollark: The hierarchical direct democracy thing it describes doesn't seem like a very complete or effective coordination mechanism, and it seems like it could easily create unfreedom.
gollark: I disagree with this PDF, for purposes.

References
  1. Bolton, B. (2015). "Platythyrea". AntCat. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  2. "Genus: Platythyrea". AntWeb.
  3. Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
  4. Kellner, Katrin; Heinze, Jürgen (2010). "Mechanism of facultative parthenogenesis in the ant Platythyrea punctata". Evolutionary Ecology. 25 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9382-5.


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