Picobirnavirus

Picobirnavirus is a genus of dsRNA viruses, the only genus in the family Picobirnaviridae.[1] Although amniotes, especially mammals, were thought to serve as hosts, it has been recently suggested that these viruses might infect bacteria and possibly some other invertebrates.[2][3] There are currently three species in this genus including the type species human picobirnavirus. Associated symptoms include gastroenteritis in animals and humans, though the disease association is unclear.[4][5]

Picobirnavirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family: Picobirnaviridae
Genus: Picobirnavirus
Type species
Human picobirnavirus

History

First detection of picobirnavirus (PBV) was in humans and black-footed pigmy rice rats in 1988.[6]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.[5][4]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
PicobirnavirusMammalsIntestine (enteric)UnknownBuddingUnknownUnknownFecal-oral

Structure

Viruses in picobirnavirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 35-40 nm.[5][4]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
PicobirnavirusIcosahedralT=3Non-envelopedLinearSegmented

Genome

The genome is linear, bipartite, and composed of double-stranded RNA. It includes a segment 1 – 2.5 (2.2–2.7) kilobases (kb) length and a segment 2 – 1.7 (1.2–1.9) kb in length. The genome codes for 3 to 4 proteins.[4] The capsid protein gene is encoded by the second open reading frame of the larger genomic segment.

These viruses are divided into two genogroups on the basis of the sequence of segment 2.

They have been isolated from humans and other mammals, as well as birds and squamates.[7] Any role in disease is not yet clear.

Classification

PBV was initially thought to belong to family Birnaviridae but later confirmed to differ with respect to host, virion size, capsid, RNA polymerase, genome size, and organization. Now PBV has been classified distinctly.[8] A new viral family named Picobirnaviridae under the proposed order Diplornavirales was created to accommodate this unique virus and a complete new taxonomic order was assigned . This new viral family is composed of only one viral genus, Picobirnavirus.[5] The two species under the genus are Human picobirnavirus and Rabbit picobirnavirus, where the former one is nominated as a type species and the latter one was designated species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in 2008. The nomenclature of the virus has been derived from its size and genome characteristics: the prefix “pico” signifies the small diameter of the viral particle (35 nm) and “birna” comes from the genome composed of two segments of dsRNA.[5]

Taxonomy

Group: dsRNA

[5]

Etymology

Picobirnavirus, the recently recognized sole genus in the family Picobirnaviridae, is a small (Pico, Spanish for small), bisegmented (bi, Latin for two), double-stranded RNA virus. Picobirnaviruses were initially considered to be birna-like viruses, and the name was derived from birnavirus (bisegmented RNA), but the virions are much smaller (diameter 35 nm vs. 65 nm). [9]

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References
  1. Delmas, B; Attoui, H; Ghosh, S; Malik, YS; Mundt, E; Vakharia, VN; Ictv Report, Consortium (February 2019). "ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (2): 133–134. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001186. PMID 30484763.
  2. Krishnamurthy, Siddharth R.; Wang, David (1 March 2018). "Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses". Virology. 516: 108–114. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.006. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 29346073.
  3. Yinda, Claude Kwe; Ghogomu, Stephen Mbigha; Conceição-Neto, Nádia; Beller, Leen; Deboutte, Ward; Vanhulle, Emiel; Maes, Piet; Van Ranst, Marc; Matthijnssens, Jelle (January 2018). "Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavirus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative genetic code". Virus Evolution. 4 (1): vey008. doi:10.1093/ve/vey008. ISSN 2057-1577. PMC 5888411. PMID 29644096.
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. "ICTV Report: Picobirnaviridae".
  6. Pereira, HG; Flewett, TH; Candeias, JAN; Barth, OM (1988). "A virus with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome in rat (Oryzomys nigripes) intestines". J Gen Virol. 69 (11): 2749–2754. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-11-2749. PMID 3053986.
  7. Smits, SL; van Leeuwen, M; Schapendonk, CM; Schürch, AC; Bodewes, R; Haagmans, BL; Osterhaus, AD (2012). "Picobirnaviruses in the human respiratory tract". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 18 (9): 1539–40. doi:10.3201/eid1809.120507. PMC 3437736. PMID 22932227.
  8. Malik, YS; Kumar, N; Sharma, K; Dhama, K; Shabbir, MZ; Ganesh, B; Kobayashi, N; Banyai, K (2014). "Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains". Biomed Res. Int. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/780752. PMC 4124650. PMID 25136620.
  9. Malik, Yashpal S.; Ghosh, Souvik (January 2020). "Etymologia: Picobirnavirus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (1). doi:10.3201/eid2601.et2601.
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