Piña

Piña (Tagalog pronunciation: [pɪˈnja] pi-NYAH) is a traditional Philippine fiber made from pineapple leaves. Pineapples were widely cultivated in the Philippines since the 17th century for weaving lustrous lace-like luxury textiles known as nipis fabric. The name is derived from Spanish piña, meaning "pineapple".

For other uses, see Piña (disambiguation).

Close-up view of the embroidery on a barong tagalog made with piña fiber.

In February 2018, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, along with the government of Aklan, began the process of nominating Kalibo piña weaving in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[1]

History

Early 19th century pañuelo in the Metropolitan Museum of Art made from piña and linen

Tampuhan, an 1895 painting by Juan Luna of a Filipina in traditional traje de mestiza dress, which was largely made from piña

Pineapples were introduced by the Spanish to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. The cultivar now known as 'Red Spanish' began to be cultivated for the textile industry as early as the 17th century. The extraction and weaving techniques were direct adaptations of the native weaving traditions using abacá fiber, which has a similar texture. Piña were woven into lustrous lace-like nipis fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as calado and sombrado.[2][3]

The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Nipis fabrics were esteemed as exotic and sumptuous. Notable uses by royalty include the baptismal gown of King Alfonso XIII presented as a gift by Pope Pius X (now in the Museo del Traje); a piña handkerchief given as a wedding gift to Princess Alexandra of Denmark on her marriage to King Edward VII; as well as a petticoat and undergarment for Queen Victoria. An unfinished Maria Clara gown was also commissioned in th 1870s by the Marquis of Yriarte (then Governor of Laguna) intended for Queen Isabella II, prior to her abdication.[4] Numerous examples of 19th century embroidered piña textiles are in the collections of various museums around the world, although their history remains understudied in academic literature.[5]

Domestically, they were used to make the traditional barong tagalog, baro't saya, and traje de mestiza clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's kerchiefs (pañuelo). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in the Second World War and is only starting to be revived.[2][3][6]

Numerous pineapple-based dishes were also developed in the Philippines as a result of the pineapple textile industry. These include traditional ingredients and dishes like pineapple vinegar, hamonado, afritada, and pininyahang manok. Another notable by-product is a traditional jelly-like dessert called nata de piña, which has been produced in the Philippines since the 18th century.[7]

Production methods

Scraping a pineapple leaf to reveal the fibers.

Since piña is from a leaf, the leaf has to be cut first from the plant. Then the fiber is pulled or split away from the leaf. Most leaf fibers are long and somewhat stiff. Each strand of the piña fiber is hand scraped and is knotted one by one to form a continuous filament to be handwoven and then made into a piña cloth.

Producers

Kalibo, Aklan, is the main and the oldest manufacturer/weaver of piña cloth in the Philippines which are being exported to various parts of the world most particularly North America, and Europe.[8] Piña weaving is an age-old tradition which was recently revived in the past 20 years.

Pineapple silk was considered the queen of Philippine fabrics and is considered the fabric of choice of the Philippine elite. During the 1996 APEC summit held in the Philippines, world leaders donned barong tagalog made of piña sourced from Kalibo during the group photo.

Producers include La Herminia Piña Weaving Industry,[9] Malabon Pina Producers and Weavers Association, Reycon's Piña Cloth and Industry, and Rurungan sa Tubod Foundation.[10]

Uses

Piña fabric is characterized by being lightweight but stiff, with a sheer appearance and a smooth silk-like texture. In modern times, it is predominantly used in the making of barong tagalog, baro't saya, and other traditional formal wear in the Philippines. It is also used for table linens, bags, mats and other clothing items.

Gallery

• 
  Early 19th century pañuelo in the Metropolitan Museum of Art made from piña and linen
• 
  19th century cotton and piña textile in the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
• 
  19th century handkerchief made from piña with cotton embroidery
• 
  19th century barong tagalog made from piña and cotton
• 
  Early 19th century striped barong tagalog made from piña
• 
  Early 19th century camisa (women's blouse) made from piña and cotton
• 
  19th century pañuelo with silk and silver thread embroidery

See also

• Abacá
• Batik
• Inabel
• Malong
• Nata de piña
• Tapis
• T'nalak

References

1. Aguirre, Jun (20 February 2018). "Kalibo piña weaving eyes inclusion in Unesco's Intangible Cultural Heritage". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
2. "History & Origin of Piña". Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
3. "The History of Pineapple in the Philippines". Filipino Yum!. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
4. Coo, Stéphanie Marie R. (2014). Clothing and the colonial culture of appearances in nineteenth century Spanish Philippines (1820-1896) (PhD). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
5. Ramos, Marlene Flores (2016). The Filipina Bordadoras and the Emergence of Fine European-style Embroidery Tradition in Colonial Philippines, 19th to early-20th Centuries (PDF) (MA). Mount Saint Vincent University.
6. Ewbank, Anne (2018-09-06). "This Prized Filipino Fabric Is Made From Pineapple Leaves". Gastro Obscura. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
7. Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H. (1999). Nata de Coco: A Filipino Delicacy (PDF). National Academy of Sciences and Technology, Philippines. ISBN 9718538615.
8. Nestor Burgos (28 May 2010). "Aklan's piña looms start weaving again". Inquirer.net. Asian Journal. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
9. "La Herminia - Piña Weaving Industry". Archived from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
10. "Rambie Lim: Rurungan sa Tubod Foundation marketing specialist, 'Pipiña' Pioneer, 31". The Philippine Star. Young Star. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2011.