Philip Hamilton

Philip Hamilton (January 22, 1782 – November 24, 1801) was the eldest child of Alexander Hamilton, the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. He died at age 19, fatally shot in a duel with George Eacker at Weehawken, New Jersey.

Not to be confused with his younger brother Philip Hamilton (the second), or with Phillip Hamilton (born 1961), an author and historian.

Philip Hamilton
Portrait of Philip Hamilton (posthumous, c. 1802), from a book by his nephew Allan McLane Hamilton[1]
Born	(1782-01-22)January 22, 1782 Albany, New York, U.S.
Died	November 24, 1801(1801-11-24) (aged 19) New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Trinity Church Cemetery
Nationality	American
Education	Columbia College
Parent(s)	Alexander Hamilton Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
Relatives	Hamilton family

Birth and early childhood

Philip Hamilton was born in Albany, New York, on January 22, 1782. His father, Alexander Hamilton, was the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. His mother, Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, was the daughter of Philip Schuyler, for whom he was named.

Alexander Hamilton wrote that Philip's birth was "attended with all the omens of future greatness,"[2] and continued to express high expectations and hopes for the future of his firstborn:

You reproach me with not having said enough about our little stranger. When I wrote last I was not sufficiently acquainted with him to give you his character. I may now assure you... [h]e is truly a very fine young gentleman, the most agreeable in his conversation and manners of any I ever knew—nor less remarkable for his intelligence and sweetness of temper. You are not to imagine by my beginning with his mental qualifications that he is defective in personal. It is agreed on all hands, that he is handsome, his features are good, his eye is not only sprightly and expressive but it is full of benignity. His attitude in sitting is by connoisseurs esteemed graceful and he has a method of waving his hand that announces the future orator. He stands however rather awkwardly and his legs have not all the delicate slimness of his fathers. It is feared He may never excel as much in dancing which is probably the only accomplishment in which he will not be a model. If he has any fault in manners, he laughs too much. He has now passed his Seventh Month.[3]

— Alexander Hamilton, Letter to Richard Kidder Meade, August 27, 1782, describing a 7-month-old Philip Hamilton

Education

Late in 1791, at the age of nine, Philip was sent to attend a boarding school in Trenton, New Jersey, studying with William Frazer, an Episcopal clergyman and rector of St. Michael's Church.[4][5] In early December that year, his father wrote encouragingly from Philadelphia:

Your Master also informs me that you recited a lesson the first day you began, very much to his satisfaction. I expect every letter from him will give me a fresh proof of your progress. For I know that you can do a great deal, if you please, and I am sure you have too much spirit not to exert yourself, that you may make us every day more and more proud of you.[2][6]

By 1794, his younger brother Alexander Jr., then eight years old, joined him at the boarding school.[4][5]

Philip enrolled in Columbia College, where his knowledge and enthusiasm were compared to that of his father, already a renowned alumnus. Robert Troup, a family friend who had been Alexander Hamilton's college roommate, wrote that Philip "was very promising in genius and acquirements, and Hamilton formed high expectations of his future greatness!"[7] Troup wrote privately, however, that despite Hamilton's certainty that Philip was destined for greatness, "alas Philip is a sad rake and I have serious doubts whether he would ever be an honour to his family or his country."[8][9]

Philip graduated with honors from Columbia College in 1800,[10] and went on to study law. His father prescribed rigorous study routines, including waking for study at 6 o'clock every day from April through September, and not later than 7 o'clock for the rest of the year, after which, "From the time he is dressed in the morning til nine o'clock (the time for breakfast excluded) he is to read law."[2]

Duel and death

On July 4, 1801, a New York lawyer named George Eacker gave an Independence Day speech hosted by a New York State Militia brigade and by the Tammany Society.[11] The Tammany Society, better known as Tammany Hall, was a Democratic-Republican party political organization that Aaron Burr had built into a political machine.[12] In the speech, Eacker reportedly said that Alexander Hamilton would not be opposed to overthrowing Thomas Jefferson's presidency by force.[13]

Four months later, on November 20, 1801, Philip and a friend named Stephen Price encountered Eacker while attending a play at the Park Theatre.[14][15][16] Philip confronted Eacker about the speech, and in the ensuing disturbance, Eacker was heard to call Philip and Price "damned rascals".[13] In response to the verbal hostilities and Eacker's insult, the two formally challenged Eacker to a duel. Acquaintances wrote that Alexander Hamilton counseled his son, telling him to engage in a delope, throwing away his first shot.[17]

This plaque marks the location in Weehawken, New Jersey, where Philip Hamilton and his father Alexander engaged in their respective duels.

The duel took place in Weehawken, New Jersey, the same place where the elder Hamilton would later be mortally wounded in a duel with Burr. Eacker faced Philip and Price separately, dueling Price the day after the challenge, and Philip the following day. In Eacker's duel with Price, neither party was injured, but four shots were fired.[18] The next day, November 23, 1801, Philip took his father's advice, and refused to raise his pistol to fire after he and Eacker had counted ten paces and faced each other. Eacker, following suit, did not shoot either. For the first minute, both men stood, doing nothing, both refusing to shoot. After a minute, Eacker finally raised his pistol, and Philip did the same. Eacker shot and struck Philip above his right hip. The bullet went through his body and lodged in his left arm. In what may have been an involuntary spasm, Philip also fired his pistol before he hit the ground, but this bullet did nothing.

As Philip fell on the ground bleeding, he displayed, as described by both sides, exemplary poise and dignity. "His manner on the ground was calm and composed beyond expression," the New York Post reported. "The idea of his own danger seemed to be lost in anticipation of the satisfaction which he might receive from the final triumph of his generous moderation."[19] Philip was then rushed across the river to the home of his aunt, Angelica Schuyler Church, in Manhattan. She wrote, "His conduct was extraordinary during this trial."[20]

Upon hearing of the events, Alexander Hamilton rushed to the home of Dr. David Hosack, the same physician who would later attend him after his own fatal duel in 1804. Hamilton wished to inform Hosack of the possible need for his medical services. Hosack's family told Hamilton that he, having already heard about the duel, had already left for the home of John and Angelica Church, Philip's aunt and uncle, where Philip had been taken. Hosack wrote that when Alexander had arrived at the Hosacks' home, he "was so much overcome by his anxiety that he fainted and remained some time in my family before he was sufficiently recovered to proceed" to the Church home to see his son. When Hamilton arrived, he observed the pale and ashen appearance of Philip's face and tested his pulse. According to Hosack, "he instantly turned from the bed and, taking me by the hand, which he grasped with all the agony of grief, he exclaimed in a tone and manner that can never be effaced from my memory, 'Doctor, I despair.'"[19] Philip's mother was three months pregnant at this time, and upon her arrival, she and Hamilton stayed beside Philip through the night. After making a profession of faith, Philip died at 5:00 am, fourteen hours after the initial wound.

Philip was buried on a stormy day, with many mourners in attendance. It was reported that as Hamilton approached his son's grave, he had to be held up by friends and family, due to grief. Philip's unmarked grave is near the graves of his parents and aunt, in the churchyard of Trinity Church in New York City.[21]

Aftermath

Following Philip's death, his family fell into disarray. His 17-year-old sister, Angelica Hamilton, suffered a mental breakdown from which she never recovered; her mental state deteriorated until she became only intermittently lucid, and she sometimes could not even recognize family members. She spent the rest of her life in a state described as "eternal childhood," often talking to her brother as if he were still alive.[19]

Friends of the family wrote that Philip's parents never went back to their old selves after the death of their son. On June 2, 1802, Elizabeth gave birth to their youngest child, with whom she was pregnant at the time of Philip's death. They named the baby Philip Hamilton, in memory of his older brother.

In popular culture

In the 2015 Broadway musical Hamilton, the role of Philip was originated by Anthony Ramos.[22]

References

1. Hamilton, Allan McLane (1910). The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton. Illustration facing p. 210. Philip Hamilton (The First) – Age 20
2. "Alexander Hamilton | People & Events | Philip Hamilton (1782–1801)". The American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16.
3. Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1962). "From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Kidder Meade, 27 August 1782". The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. III (1782–1786). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0231089029. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29.
4. Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1972). "From Alexander Hamilton to Philip A. and Alexander Hamilton, Junior, 29 September 1794". The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Volume XVII, August–December 1794. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 288 n.1. ISBN 978-0231089166.
5. Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1973). "From Alexander Hamilton to William Frazer, 2 February 1795". The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Volume XVIII, January–July 1795. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 246 nn.1–2. ISBN 978-0231089173.
6. Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1965). "From Alexander Hamilton to Philip A. Hamilton, 5 December 1791". The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. IX (August–December 1791). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 560–561. ISBN 978-0231089081. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29.
7. Troup, Robert. "Letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, 5 December 1801". In King, Rufus (ed.). The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King. IV. p. 28. Quoted in "To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Rush, 26 November 1801". Founders Online. National Archives. p. n.1. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08.
8. Locke, Raymond Friday (1971). The Birth of America. Mankind Pub. Co. p. 117.
9. Fleming, Thomas J. (1999). Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America. Basic Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-465-01736-2.
10. Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1887). "Alexander Hamilton". Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography. Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume 3. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 60.
11. Eacker, George I. (1801). An Oration, Delivered at the Request of the Officers of the Brigade of the City and County of New-York, and of the County of Richmond: Before Them, and the Mechanic, Tammany, and Coopers' Societies, on the Fourth of July, 1801, in Commemoration of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of American Independence. William Durell.
12. Golway, Terry (2014). Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-87140-375-9.
13. "The Duel | People & Events | Philip Hamilton's Duel". The American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
14. "Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Rush, 26 November 1801". Retrieved 2018-03-07.
15. Donohue, Joseph W., Jr. (2015). The Theatrical Manager in Britain and America: Player of a Perilous Game. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4008-6810-0.
16. Todd, Charles Burr (1897). "The Duelling Custom in New York". The American Historical Register. New Series. Boston: Historical Register Publishing Company. 1 (1): 14.
17. Fleming, Thomas (2000). "Chapter One: A General Nurses His Wounds". Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America. Perseus Books.
18. Winfield, Charles H. (1874). History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. New York: Kennard & Hay Stationery M'fg and Printing Co. pp. 203–206.
19. Chernow, Ron (2005). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303475-9.
20. Church, Angelica Schuyler (November 24, 1802). "Autograph letter signed ("AChurch") to Rensselaer Schuyler, Reporting the Death of Philip Hamilton in a Duel". Archived from the original on 2017-01-19.
21. Sullivan, J. Courtney (2016-03-05). "After the Broadway Show, a Trip to Hamilton's Grave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
22. "Hamilton on Internet Broadway Database". IBDB. Retrieved May 25, 2016.