Pennisetum clandestinum

The tropical grass species Pennisetum clandestinum is known by several common names, most often kikuyu grass, as it is native to the highland regions of East Africa that is home to the Kikuyu people. Because of its rapid growth and aggressive nature, it is categorised as a noxious weed in some regions.[1][2] However, it is also a popular garden lawn species in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the southern region of California in the United States, as it is inexpensive and moderate drought-tolerant. In addition, it is useful as pasture for livestock grazing and serves as a food source for many avian species, including the long-tailed widowbird.[3] The flowering culms are very short and "hidden" amongst the leaves, giving this species its specific epithet (clandestinum).

Pennisetum clandestinum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Genus:	Pennisetum
Species:	P. clandestinum
Binomial name
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.

Description and habitat

Pennisetum clandestinum is a rhizomatous grass with matted roots and a grass-like or herbaceous habit. The leaves are green, flattened or upwardly folded along the midrib, 10–150 m (390–5,910 in) long, and 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) wide. The apex of the leaf blade is obtuse.[4]

It occurs in sandy soil and reaches a height of between 70 and 150 millimetres (2.8 and 5.9 in). The species favours moist areas and frequently becomes naturalised from introduction as a cultivated alien.[5] Rooted nodes send up bunches of grass blades. It is native to the low-elevation tropics of Kenya and environs, where it grows best in humid heat, such as the wet coastal areas.

The description of this species was published by Emilio Chiovenda in 1903, and acknowledges an earlier, invalid, description made by C. F. Hochstetter.[6]

As an invasive species

It has been introduced across Africa, Asia, Australia, the Americas, and the Pacific, where it is subject to eradication through management practices.[7] The ease of cultivation, and the thickly matting habit, have made this species desirable for use as a lawn. In southern California in the United States, the grass is commonly used on golf courses since it is drought resistant and creates challenging rough. The famed Riviera Country Club and Torrey Pines Golf Course both use this grass and host tournaments on the PGA Tour. Other minor golf courses in southern California have kikuyu grass, many are in Long Beach: Lakewood, Skylinks, Big recreation, Little recreation, El Dorado, and others.

The aggressive colonisation of natural habitat has resulted in this grass becoming naturalised in regions such Southwest Australia.[5][7] It has high invasive potential due to its elongate rhizomes and stolons, with which it penetrates the ground, rapidly forming dense mats, and suppressing other plant species.[3] It grows from a thick network of rhizomatous roots and sends out stolons which extend along the ground.

It can climb over other plant life, shading it out and producing herbicidal toxins that kill competing plants.[1] It prevents new sprouts of other species from growing, may kill small trees and can choke ponds and waterways. It is resistant to mowing and grazing due to its strong network of roots, which easily send up new shoots. It springs up in turfs and lawns, and can damage buildings by growing in the gaps between stones and tiles. The plant is easily introduced to new areas on plowing and digging machinery, which may transfer bits of the rhizome in soil clumps. While the grass spreads well via vegetative reproduction from pieces of rhizome, it is also dispersed via seed. Rhizomes that have reached very hard to reach places will continue to grow as separate plants if they are snapped off during the attempted removal process.

References

1. "Pennisetum clandestinum (General Impact)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
2. "Pennisetum clandestinum". National Weeds Strategy. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
3. Wolff, M. A. (1999). Winning the War of Weeds: The Essential Gardener's Guide to Weed Identification and Control. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-86417-993-6.
4. Clayton, W. D.; Vorontsova, M.; Harman, K. T.; Williamson, H. (28 January 2008). "Pennisetum clandestinum". GrassBase. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
5. "Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
6. Hochstetter, C.F. ex Chiovenda, E. (1903) Annuario R. Istituto Botanico di Roma 8: 41, Fig. S/2 [tax. nov.]
7. "Pennisetum clandestinum (Management)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Retrieved 9 November 2008.