Bernardino Machado

Bernardino Luís Machado Guimarães, GCTE, GCL (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɨɾnaɾˈdinu mɐˈʃadu]; 28 March 1851 – 29 April 1944), was a Portuguese political figure, the third and eighth President of Portugal (1915–17, 1925–26).

His Excellency

Bernardino Machado

GCTE GCL
President of Portugal
In office
11 December 1925 – 31 May 1926
Prime MinisterDomingos Pereira
António Maria da Silva
National Salvation Junta
Preceded byManuel Teixeira Gomes
Succeeded byJosé Mendes Cabeçadas
In office
5 October 1915 – 12 December 1917
Prime MinisterJosé de Castro
Afonso Costa
António José de Almeida
José Norton de Matos
Revolutionary Junta
Preceded byTeófilo Braga
Succeeded bySidónio Pais
Prime Minister of Portugal
In office
2 March 1921 – 24 May 1921
PresidentAntónio José de Almeida
Preceded byLiberato Pinto
Succeeded byTomé de Barros Queirós
In office
9 February 1914 – 12 December 1914
PresidentManuel de Arriaga
Preceded byAfonso Costa
Succeeded byAzevedo Coutinho
Ministerial positions
Minister of Agriculture
In office
19 May 1921 – 23 May 1921
Preceded byAlbano Portugal Durão
Succeeded byTomé Barros Queirós
In office
2 March 1921 – 4 May 1921
Preceded byJoão Gonçalves
Succeeded byAlbano Portugal Durão
Minister of the Interior
In office
2 March 1921 – 23 May 1921
Preceded byLiberato Pinto
Succeeded byAbel Hipólito
In office
9 February 1914 – 12 December 1914
Preceded byRodrigo Rodrigues
Succeeded byAlexandre Braga
Minister of Justice
In office
23 June 1914 – 22 July 1914
Preceded byManuel Monteiro
Succeeded byEduardo de Sousa Monteiro
In office
14 March 1911 – June 1911
Preceded byAfonso Costa
Succeeded byAfonso Costa
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
9 February 1914 – 23 May 1914
Preceded byAntónio Macieira
Succeeded byFreire de Andrade
In office
5 October 1910 – 3 September 1911
Preceded byJosé Castelo Branco
Succeeded byJoão Chagas
Minister and Secretary of State for Affairs of Public Works, Trade and Industry
In office
22 February 1893 – 20 December 1893
Preceded byPedro Vítor da Costa Sequeira
Succeeded byCarlos Lobo de Ávila
Personal details
Born(1851-03-28)28 March 1851
Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil
Died29 April 1944(1944-04-29) (aged 93)
Porto, Portugal
Political partyPortuguese Republican
(later Democratic)
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1882; died 1942)
Children8 daughters and 8 sons
EducationLiceu Nacional do Porto
Alma materUniversity of Coimbra
Signature

Early life

Bernardino Machado was born in Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil, the son of António Luís Machado Guimarães (1820–1882), 1st Baron of Joane and a nobleman of the royal household, a rich merchant raised to the nobility, and his second wife Praxedes de Sousa Guimarães. Bernardino came to Portugal in 1860, enrolled at Coimbra University in 1866, studied mathematics for three years, and graduated in philosophy in 1873. In 1872, he chose to obtain Portuguese nationality. Machado continued his studies, obtaining a doctorate in philosophy in 1876 and graduated in general agriculture and rural economy in 1883. He lectured at that institution beginning in 1877.

In Porto in January 1882 he married Elzira Dantas Gonçalves Pereira (Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 15 December 1865 – 21 April 1942), by whom he had nineteen children. One of his sons-in-law was the writer Aquilino Ribeiro.

Political scene

Machado then turned to a second interest; in 1882 he was elected to the Portuguese parliament for Lamego, and in 1886 for Coimbra. In 1890 and 1894 was also elected Peer of the Realm by Coimbra University. During this period he was briefly Minister for Public Works on the Hintze Ribeiro cabinet in 1893, and created the first labour court in Portugal. Taking a special interest in public education, he was made part of the Superior Council of Public Education in 1892, and published several books on the subject.

Machado was also briefly President of the Directory of the Democratic Party in 1902, and after switching to the Republican Party, was this party's President of the Directory from 1906 to 1909. He was one of the few monarchists-turned-republican who switched during the monarchy.

Once the Republic was proclaimed in 1910 he was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for the Presidential elections of 1911. Afterwards, he was appointed ambassador to Brazil, then made his political comeback in 1914 to lead one of many brief cabinets the country had in this period. Machado ran again for the Presidency in 1915 and was this time elected President of Portugal. In the course of his term, he received Germany's declaration of war (March, 1916), and visited the Portuguese forces placed in France in the battlefields.

In 1917 the government was deposed by a military coup headed by Sidónio Pais, and Machado went into exile.

Upon Machado's return in 1919 he was elected Senator. He served as Prime Minister from 10 February to 23 May 1921. Once again, in 1925, he achieved the presidential office after President Teixeira Gomes resigned, only to be overthrown a year later (1926) by Gomes da Costa (See: 28 May 1926 coup d'état and Ditadura Nacional). The country remained under a military, then a civilian, dictatorship until 1974.

For a second time he went into exile in France, where he continued to be very critical of the Portuguese regime. The German occupation of France in 1940 forced him to seek protection in Portugal, which the government granted him with the condition that he was to be confined to his personal retreat in the northern part of Portugal. It was there in Porto that he died, aged 93, in 1944, making him the longest lived Portuguese president ever.

Personal life

He was the father-in-law of the noted writer Aquilino Ribeiro, and the great-grandfather of the psychologist and sexologist Júlio Machado Vaz. In 1906, Machado was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.[1]

Books
  • Introdução à Pedagogia, 1902
  • O Ensino, 1898
  • O Ensino Primário e Secundário, 1899
  • O Ensino Superior, 1900
gollark: ```ruststruct Fib1 { cache: Vec<u128>}impl Iterator for Fib1 { type Item = u128; fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { let n = self.cache.len(); let next = self.cache[n - 1].wrapping_add(self.cache[n - 2]); self.cache.push(next); Some(next) }}fn fib1() -> Fib1 { Fib1 { cache: vec![0, 1] } }fn main() { for n in fib1() { print!("{} ", n); }}```
gollark: I prefer it this way.
gollark: Idea: wrapping_add.
gollark: Unlike LyricLy's bad thing, which timed out.
gollark: See, it was too fast, it overflowed.

References
  1. American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
Political offices
Preceded by
Afonso Costa		 Prime Minister of Portugal
1914		 Succeeded by
Azevedo Coutinho
Preceded by
Teófilo Braga		 President of Portugal
1915–1917		 Succeeded by
Sidónio Pais
Preceded by
Liberato Pinto		 Prime Minister of Portugal
1921		 Succeeded by
Tomé de Barros Queirós
Preceded by
Manuel Teixeira Gomes		 President of Portugal
1925–1926		 Succeeded by
José Mendes Cabeçadas
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