Persicaria maculosa

Persicaria maculosa (syn. Polygonum persicaria) is an annual plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. Common names include lady's thumb,[2] spotted lady's thumb, Jesusplant, and redshank.[3][4] It is widespread across Eurasia from Iceland south to Portugal and east to Japan.[5][6] It is also present as an introduced and invasive species in North America, where it was first noted in the Great Lakes region in 1843 and has now spread through most of the continent.[7][8]

Inflorescence
The ochrea: stipules fused around the stem

Persicaria maculosa
Growing in the Farmington Bay area, Utah
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Genus: Persicaria
Species:
P. maculosa
Binomial name
Persicaria maculosa
Synonyms[1]

Description

Persicaria maculosa is an annual herb up to 80 cm (31 in) tall, with an erect rather floppy stem with swollen joints. The leaves are alternate and almost stalkless. The leaf blades often have a brown or black spot in the centre and are narrowly ovate and have entire margins. Each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem-enclosing sheath that is loose and fringed with long hairs at the upper end. The inflorescence is a dense spike. The perianth of each tiny pink flower consists of four or five lobes, fused near the base. There are six stamens, two fused carpels and two styles. The fruit is a shiny black, three-edged achene. This plant flowers from July to September in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[6][9][10]

Taxonomy

The species was first described, as Polygonum persicaria, by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[11] It was first successfully transferred to the genus Persicaria by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, under the name Persicaria maculosa.[12] The name "Persicaria persicaria" cannot be used because tautonyms – binomial names that use the same word for both the genus and the species epithet – are prohibited by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and a replacement name (nomen novum) must be used.[13] For this reason the transfer of the species to Persicaria by John Kunkel Small in 1903, which used the tautonym, is invalid.[14]

Distribution and habitat

Persicaria maculosa is native to Europe and Asia, where it can be mistaken for Polygonum minus. The latter has narrower leaves, usually less than 1 cm wide. It has been introduced to North America and is naturalised throughout the mainland continent,[15] growing along roadsides, riverbanks, and on fallow ground. In the United States, it is very similar to Pennsylvania smartweed, but redshank has a fringe of hairs at the top of the ochrea, something which Pennsylvania smartweed lacks. The species has also been found in New Zealand and Australia.[16][17]

Ecology

In the British Isles, this plant is a weed, without natural habitat, and always associated with human activity.[18] It likes moist soils, particularly rich ones, and acid peaty loams.[19] It does not like lime, and liming is cited as a means to fight it.[20][21]

Cultivation and uses

Persicaria maculosa contains persicarin and tannins. The leaves and young shoots may be eaten as a palatable and nutritious leaf vegetable. It is often seen as a weed and rarely cultivated. A yellow dye can be produced from this plant with alum used as a mordant.

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References
  1. Tropicos, Persicaria maculosa Gray
  2. "Polygonum persicaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  3. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  4. "Persicaria maculosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  5. Altervista Flora Italiana, Persicaria maculosa Gray includes photos and European distribution map
  6. Flora of China, Polygonum persicaria Linnaeus, 1753. 蓼 liao
  7. "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  8. Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  9. "Redshank: Persicaria maculosa". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  10. Flora of North America, Persicaria maculosa Gray, 1821. Spotted lady's-thumb, redshank, renouée persicaire
  11. "Polygonum persicaria L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  12. "Persicaria maculosa Gray". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  13. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) see section 23.4
  14. "Persicaria persicaria Small". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  15. USDA
  16. Atlas of Living Australia, Persicaria maculosa Gray, Jesus Plant
  17. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Persicaria maculosa
  18. Simmonds, N W (1945). "Biological flora of the British Isles. Polygonum L". Journal of Ecology. 33 (33): 117–143. doi:10.2307/2256567. JSTOR 2256567.
  19. Long, H. C. (1938). "Weeds of arable land". MAFF Bulletin (108).
  20. Fenton, E. W. (1931). "Poisonous and milk-staining plants". Pamphlet of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture. New series (4): 7–31.
  21. Bond, W. "The biology and non chemical control of Redshank (Persicaria maculosa Gray)". HDRA. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
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