Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak

The Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak (Bosnian: Stranka demokratske akcije Sandžaka, Serbian: Странка Демократске Акције Санџака) is a political party that represents the Bosniak ethnic minority concentrated in Serbia, in Sandžak region.

Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak

Stranka demokratske akcije Sandžaka
Странка Демократске Акције Санџака
PresidentSulejman Ugljanin
Secretary-GeneralSelma Džinović
Deputy PresidentŠemsudin Kučević
Vice PresidentEnis Imamović
FounderSulejman Ugljanin
Founded29 July 1990 (1990-07-29)
Headquarters28. novembra 57, Novi Pazar, Serbia, Telefon: +381 61 2631282
IdeologyBosniak minority interests[1]
Bosniak nationalism
Autonomism[2]
Pro-Europeanism[3]
Atlanticism[3]
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing
ReligionSunni Islam
ColoursGreen
National Assembly
3 / 250
Bosniak National Council
22 / 35
(coalition)
Website
www.sda.rs

History

The Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak (SDA) was founded on 29 July 1990 in Novi Pazar,[4] as a branch of the Party of Democratic Action based in Sarajevo,[5] which was then a pan-Yugoslav political party.[6] The branch was founded in order to protect the interests of Muslims of Sandžak, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo.[7] The leadership of the SDA included Sulejman Ugljanin, president of the SDA, Harun Hadžić, president of the SDA of Montenegro, Numan Balić, president of the SDA of Kosovo and Metohija and Riza Halili, president of the SDA of Preševo.[4]

The SDA founded the Muslim National Council of Sandžak (MNVS) on 11 May 1991.[7] The MNVS acted as a quasi-governmental body of the Sandžak Muslims.[8] It organised a referendum between 25 and 27 October 1991,[9] asking the Sandžak Muslims whether they're in favour of "full political and territorial autonomy" of Sandžak and its "right to join one of the sovereign republics", presumably the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbian authorities declared the referendum unconstitutional.[10] The referendum was organised with the support from the Bosnian SDA, although this was denied by the MNVS.[11] The MNVS claimed that 264,000 people in Sandžak, the rest of the SFR Yugoslavia and abroad asked to be included on the voter list.[12] The turnout was 71%, while 98% voted in favour of the political and territorial autonomy of Sandžak with right of joining to other republics of the SFR Yugoslavia.[9] President of the SDA said that the MNVS will decide which republic will Sandžak join, depending on further developments.[12]

In late November the MNVS selected a new government.[11] The secretary of the SDA, Rasim Ljajić was named the prime minister, while Ugljanin remained the president of the MNVS. The SDA maintained majority in the government, with the Liberal Bosniak Organisation and the Party of National Equity also being represented.[8]

After the European Community declared the recognition of former Yugoslav republics in December 1991, Ugljanin sent the results of referendum to the Dutch Foreign Minister Hans van den Broek asking for "the recognition and full international and legal subjectivity of Sandžak".[12] In January 1992, the MNVS declared the creation of a "special status" for Sandžak that would give to the region a far-reaching autonomy. The initiative wasn't recognised by the Yugoslav or Serbian government.[8]

In a follow-up letter to the European Ministerial Council of 5 April 1992, Ugljanin, under the impact of the imminent foundation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (founded after other republics left the SFR Yugoslavia, except Serbia and Montenegro), and referring to the Bosnian War, asked again for the recognition of Sandžak, as well as deployment of UN troops and other international presence.[12]

On 18 April, a Conference of Muslim Intellectuals of Sandžak, Montenegro and Serbia protested, in strong terms, against the foundation of the FR Yugoslavia against their will, calling for its nonrecognition. The MNVS adopted a resolution on 28 April that denied existence of the FR Yugoslavia, and insisted that the Sandžak Muslims should join the republic of their choice, which, in this case, was the Bosnian Muslim dominated Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[13] In the resolution, it was bluntly said that "Muslims of Sandžak do not recognise newly created Yugoslavia".[12]

Electoral history

Bosniak National Council

The first elections for the national councils of various national minorities in Serbia were held in October 2014. The Bosniak National Council has 35 seats. The turnout for the Bosniak National Council was 35.7%. Most of the seats were won by the coalition led by the SDA of Sandžak, which gained 19 representatives, while the opposing coalition under Mufti Muamer Zukorlić won 16 seats.[14]

Serbian parliamentary elections
National Assembly
Election In coalition with Votes won PercentageSeats won Change Status
(Coalition totals)(SDA only)
1990 None 68,446 1.66%
3 / 250
 opposition
1997 List for Sandžak 84,156 1.67%
3 / 250
 opposition
2003 DS–GSS–DC–SDU 481,249 12.58%
1 / 250
 2 opposition
2007 List for Sandžak 33,823 0.84%
2 / 250
 1 opposition
2008 List for Sandžak 38,148 0.92%
1 / 250
 1 government
2012 None 27,708 0.71%
2 / 250
 1 government
2014 None 35,157 0.98%
3 / 250
 1 opposition
2016 None 30,092 0.80%
2 / 250
 1 opposition
2020 None 24,676 0.77%
3 / 250
 1 opposition

Local elections
Local electionCouncil
Novi PazarTutinSjenicaPrijepoljePribojNova VarošTotal won / Total contested
2012
14 / 47
21 / 37
12 / 39
6 / 61
3 / 41
0 / 27
56 / 252
2016
11 / 47
22 / 37
15 / 39
3 / 61
4 / 41
0 / 27
55 / 252
gollark: It also does have the whole "anything which implements the right functions implements an interface" thing, which seems very horrible to me as a random change somewhere could cause compile errors with no good explanation.
gollark: - `make`/`new` are basically magic- `range` is magic too - what it does depends on the number of return values you use, or something. Also, IIRC user-defined types can't implement it- Generics are available for all of, what, three builtin types? Maps, slices and channels, if I remember right.- `select` also only works with the built-in channels- Constants: they can only be something like four types, and what even is `iota` doing- The multiple return values can't be used as tuples or anything. You can, as far as I'm aware, only return two (or, well, more than one) things at once, or bind two returns to two variables, nothing else.- no operator overloading- it *kind of* has exceptions (panic/recover), presumably because they realized not having any would be very annoying, but they're not very usable- whether reading from a channel is blocking also depends how many return values you use because of course
gollark: What, you mean no it doesn't have weird special cases everywhere?
gollark: It pretends to be "simple", but it isn't because there are bizarre special cases everywhere to make stuff appear to work.
gollark: So of course, lol no generics.

See also

References
  1. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Serbia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  2. Szöcsik & Bochsler 2014, p. 242.
  3. PROGRAM STRANKE DEMOKRATSKE AKCIJE SANDŽAKA - Programski ciljevi Stranke: I - „4) Punopravno članstvo Srbije u Evropskoj Uniji i druge evropske i evroatlanske institucije, organizacije i regionalna saradnja”
  4. Vance & Paik 2006, p. 428.
  5. Stojarová & Emerson 2013, p. 144.
  6. Bugajski 1994, p. 160.
  7. Ahrens 2007, p. 225.
  8. Bugajski 1994, p. 161.
  9. BNV.
  10. Poulton & Taji-Farouki 1997, p. 175.
  11. Poulton & Taji-Farouki 1997, p. 177.
  12. Ahrens 2007, p. 226.
  13. Ahrens 2007, p. 214.
  14. Blic & 27 October 2014.

Sources
Books
  • Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich (2007). Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia. Washington, D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 0801885574.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bugajski, Janusz (1994). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. Amonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 1563242826.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Poulton, Hugh; Taji-Farouki, Suha (1997). Muslim Identity and the Balkan State. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850652767.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stojarová, Vera; Emerson, Peter (2013). Party Politics in the Western Balkans. London: Routledge. ISBN 1135235856.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Szöcsik, Edina; Bochsler, Daniler (2014). "On Fissions and Fusions of Ethnic Minority Parties". New Nation-States and National Minorities. Colchester: ECPR Press. ISBN 1907301860.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vance, Charles M.; Paik, Yongsun (2006). Managing a Global Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities in International Human Resource Management. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765620162.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Other
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