Pararowing

Pararowing (or adaptive rowing) is a category of rowing race for those with physical, visual or intellectual disabilities.

Oksana Masters & Rob Jones of the US in the mixed sculls (TA 2x) final at the Paralympics, London 2012. The rowers are fixed to the seat.

History

In 1913, rowing for individuals with disabilities was initiated by headmaster George Clifford Brown at Worcester College for the Blind in Great Britain.[1] Brown encouraged blind students to participate in particular sports in which they would be able to compete at an equal level to sighted players and do so without modifications. Other organizations dedicated to rehabilitating the blind, such as St. Dunstan's Hostel, started rowing clubs shortly afterwards in 1915. Competitive rowing with blind rowers first began in 1914 between Worcester College and the Old Boys in one race and Worcester College and Worcester Boy Scouts in another race the same year.[1]

In October 1945, veterans from the Army, Navy, and Marines blinded during WWII entered into the Navy Day Regatta on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. Some consider this event as what spawned the international interest of adaptive rowing.[1]

Classes
Main article: Adaptive rowing classification

Under FISA rules there are three categories for adaptive rowers:

PR3 (previously LTA - Legs, Trunk, Arms)
Use of at least one leg, trunk and arms. Also for those with visual and intellectual impairments. Rowed with standard boats and sliding seats.
PR2 (previously TA - Trunk and Arms)
Only use of trunk muscles. Boat has fixed seat.
PR1 (previously AS - Arms and Shoulders)
Limited trunk control. Boat has fixed seat and rower is strapped at upper chest level to only allow shoulder and arm movements.

Events

At FISA World Championships there are now 9[2] boat events (standard nomenclature is used).

Adaptive Rowing Events
Boat Type Seat Count Sex Coxed Class FISA Notation FISA World Championships Paralympic Games
Scull 1 Men Unspecified PR1 PR1 M1x Yes Yes
Scull 1 Women Unspecified PR1 PR1 W1x Yes Yes
Scull 1 Men Unspecified PR2 PR2 M1x Yes No
Scull 1 Women Unspecified PR2 PR2 W1x Yes No
Scull 2 Mixed Unspecified PR2 PR2 Mix2x Yes Yes
Scull 2 Mixed Unspecified PR3 PR3 Mix3x Yes No
Sweep 2 Men No PR3 PR3 M2- Yes No
Sweep 2 Women No PR3 PR3 W2- Yes No
Sweep 4 Mixed Yes PR3 PR3 Mix4+ Yes Yes

Racing was held over 1,000 m (rather than the standard 2,000 m), but from 2017 the distance was changed to the standard 2,000m.[3] In mixed events half the crew must be male and other half female (coxswain may be of either gender and may be able bodied). Single shells for the PR1 category must have stabilising pontoons attached to the riggers.

Adaptive events were added to the World Rowing Championships in 2002 and took place at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China.

gollark: It wprks now!
gollark: ++exec```pythondef f(x, y, z): if y == 0: if z == 0: return x return f(x, 0, z - 1) * f(x, 0, z - 1) return f(x, y - 1, z) * f(x, y - 1, z)print(f(10, 10, 10))```
gollark: ++exec```luafunction f(x, y, z)if y == 0 thenif z == 0 thenreturn xendreturn f(x, 0, z - 1) * f(x, 0, z - 1)endreturn f(x, y - 1, z) * f(x, y - 1, z)endprint(f(3, 3, 3))```
gollark: Hmm.
gollark: ++exec```luafunction f(x, y, z)if y == 0 thenif z == 0 thenreturn xendreturn f(x, 0, z - 1) * f(x, 0, z - 1)endreturn f(x, y - 1, z) * f(x, y - 1, z)endprint(f(10, 3, 2))```

References
  1. "A Short History of Para-Rowing" (PDF). FISA. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  2. "Rules of Racing" (PDF). FISA. January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  3. "Summary of proposed changes to the FISA Rules of Racing, related Bye-Laws and Event Regulations" (PDF). FISA. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
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